Table 3.
Infectious causes of diarrhea in patients with HIV diagnosed by endoscopy or colonoscopy [41, 45–48]
| Pathogen | Endoscopy | Colonoscopy |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | Salmonella | Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter |
| Enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (small intestine) | Enterohemorrhagic E coli, enteroinvasive E coli | |
| Small intestine bacterial overgrowth | Clostridium difficile | |
| Mycobacterium avium complex | Mycobacterium avium complex | |
| Protozoa | Cryptosporidia (small intestine) | Cryptosporidia |
| Microsporidia (most often in proximal jejunum) | Entamoeba histolytica | |
| Giardia (upper small intestine) | ||
| Cyclospora (small intestine) | ||
| Isospora (small intestine) | ||
| Viruses | CMV | CMV |
| HSV | HSV (rectum, sigmoid) | |
| Adenovirus | ||
| Fungi | Histoplasma (most commonly terminal ileum; can affect any part of the GI tract) | Histoplasma (most commonly terminal ileum; can affect any part of the GI tract) |
Based on either appearance of mucosa in endoscopy/colonoscopy or mucosal biopsy
CMV cytomegalovirus, GI gastrointestinal, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HSV herpes simplex virus