Table 1.
Study participants and prevalence of comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments
| Variable: | Total (N = 558) |
By Sex | By age group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n = 269) |
Men (n = 289) |
P value | 66–75 yrs (n = 159) |
76–85 yrs (n = 309) |
> 85 yrs (n = 90) |
P value | ||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 79.2 ± 6.3 | 79.0 ± 6.3 | 79.4 ± 6.3 | 0.46 | 71.8 ± 2.5 | 80.2 ± 2.9 | 89.0 ± 3.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Sex (men), % | 51.8 | - | - | - | 49.7 | 52.1 | 54.4 | 0.76 |
| Race (White), % | 87.3 | 84.8 | 89.6 | 0.099 | 83.7 | 89.0 | 87.8 | 0.26 |
| HFpEF, % * | 48.3 | 54.9 | 42.9 | 0.04 | 51.6 | 47.3 | 43.8 | 0.7 |
| BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD | 27.1 ± 4.8 | 27.5 ± 5.7 | 26.7 ± 3.8 | 0.059 | 28.6 ± 5.6 | 26.9 ± 4.3 | 25.2 ± 4.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Former smoker, % | 45.9 | 33.1 | 57.8 | < 0.0001 | 49.1 | 46.0 | 40.0 | 0.39 |
| Current smoker, % | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 0.99 | 12.6 | 7.4 | 2.2 | 0.012 |
| Fair-to-poor SRHS, % | 39.1 | 39.4 | 38.8 | 0.93 | 37.1 | 39.5 | 41.1 | 0.81 |
| Hypertension, % | 82.1 | 84.8 | 79.6 | 0.12 | 77.4 | 84.8 | 81.1 | 0.13 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 28.5 | 25.7 | 31.1 | 0.16 | 35.2 | 26.7 | 22.2 | 0.06 |
| Moderate CKD, % | 28.5 | 29.0 | 28.0 | 0.85 | 25.2 | 28.8 | 33.3 | 0.39 |
| Severe CKD, % | 3.8 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 0.38 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 5.6 | 0.48 |
| Coronary heart disease, % | 59.3 | 50.9 | 67.1 | < 0.0001 | 57.2 | 65.1 | 43.3 | 0.0009 |
| Peripheral arterial disease, % | 9.1 | 6.7 | 11.4 | 0.057 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 0.83 |
| Atrial fibrillation, % | 8.1 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 0.76 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 13.3 | 0.13 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, % | 20.4 | 19.3 | 21.5 | 0.60 | 15.1 | 24.3 | 16.7 | 0.043 |
| Obstructive airway disease, % | 19.7 | 19.0 | 20.4 | 0.67 | 22.0 | 22.0 | 7.8 | 0.0043 |
| Depression, % | 12.0 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 0.90 | 10.1 | 11.3 | 17.8 | 0.18 |
| 1 ADL impaired, % | 12.5 | 14.9 | 10.4 | 0.13 | 8.8 | 14.6 | 12.2 | 0.21 |
| ≥ 2 ADL impaired, % | 10.0 | 11.2 | 9.0 | 0.40 | 5.7 | 8.7 | 22.2 | 0.0003 |
| 1 IADL impaired, % | 26.7 | 27.9 | 25.6 | 0.57 | 27.0 | 27.5 | 23.3 | 0.75 |
| ≥ 2 IADL impaired, % | 17.0 | 22.3 | 12.1 | 0.0016 | 10.1 | 16.5 | 31.1 | 0.0002 |
| Gait speed, meter/sec, mean ± SD | 0.64 ± 0.36 | 0.56 ± 0.49 | 0.75 ± 0.20 | < 0.0001 | 0.69 ± 0.37 | 0.68 ± 0.27 | 0.50 ± 0.20 | < 0.0001 |
| 3MSE score ≤ 80. % | 17.4 | 15.6 | 19.0 | 0.32 | 3.8 | 20.4 | 31.1 | < 0.0001 |
*
The percentage of HFpEF is based on only 294 participants with known left ventricular ejection fraction.
Abbreviations: SD: Standard Deviation; HFpEF: Heart Failure and preserved left ventricular Ejection Fraction; BMI: Body Mass Index; SRHS: Self-Reported Health Status; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease; ADLs: Activities of Daily Living; IADLs: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; 3MSE: Modified Mini-Mental State Examination.