Table 2.
Risk of death associated with comorbidities and measures of functional and cognitive impairments
| Variable: | Estimate 1* | Estimate 2† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All available Participants | Participants with Complete Data (N = 558) |
Participants with Complete Data (N = 558) |
|||||
| N | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Body mass index (kg/m²) | 1088 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.0003 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.067 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.0063 |
| Fair-to-poor SRHS | 1081 | 1.55 (1.36–1.77) | < 0.0001 | 1.59 (1.32–1.91) | < 0.0001 | 1.18 (0.96–1.47) | 0.12 |
| Hypertension | 1088 | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | 0.40 | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 0.21 | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 0.65 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1084 | 1.58 (1.36–1.82) | < 0.0001 | 1.75 (1.43–2.14) | < 0.0001 | 1.64 (1.33–2.03) | < 0.0001 |
| Moderate CKD | 689 | 1.37 (1.15–1.64) | 0.0004 | 1.48 (1.21–1.80) | 0.0001 | 1.32 (1.07–1.62) | 0.0091 |
| Severe and end-stage CKD | 689 | 2.84 (1.80–4.47) | < 0.0001 | 3.04 (1.89–4.90) | < 0.0001 | 3.00 (1.82–4.95) | < 0.0001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1088 | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.49 | 1.01 (0.85–1.22) | 0.88 | 0.99 (0.81–1.20) | 0.88 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1088 | 1.51 (1.23–1.84) | < 0.0001 | 1.50 (1.10–2.03) | 0.0098 | 1.19 (0.87–1.64) | 0.29 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1087 | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) | 0.90 | 0.96 (0.69–1.32) | 0.78 | 1.00 (0.72–1.40) | 0.99 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1088 | 1.39 (1.20–1.62) | < 0.0001 | 1.67 (1.34–2.07) | < 0.0001 | 1.53 (1.22–1.92) | 0.0003 |
| Obstructive airway disease | 839 | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 0.11 | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 0.34 | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 0.43 |
| Depression | 1082 | 1.12 (0.93–1.36) | 0.23 | 1.53 (1.16–2.00) | 0.0022 | 1.44 (1.09–1.90) | 0.011 |
| 1 ADL impaired | 1084 | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 0.63 | 1.19 (0.91–1.56) | 0.21 | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 0.96 |
| 2 or more ADLs impaired | 1084 | 1.40 (1.17–1.68) | 0.0003 | 1.52 (1.12–2.05) | 0.0069 | 0.83 (0.56–1.22) | 0.34 |
| 1 IADL impaired | 1087 | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 0.34 | 1.31 (1.06–1.61) | 0.012 | 1.30 (1.04–1.63) | 0.021 |
| 2 or more IADLs impaired | 1087 | 1.64 (1.40–1.92) | < 0.0001 | 1.84 (1.42–2.37) | < 0.0001 | 1.49 (1.07–2.04) | 0.017 |
| Gait speed (meter/sec) | 1059 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | < 0.0001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.15 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.65 |
| 3MSE score < 80 | 1076 | 1.41 (1.19–1.67) | < 0.0001 | 1.29 (1.00–1.66) | 0.05 | 1.33 (1.02–1.73) | 0.033 |
| HFrEF | 577 | 1.18 (0.99–1.42) | 0.066 | 1.20 (0.94–1.55) | 0.15‡ | 1.18 (0.91–1.54) | 0.22‡ |
Estimate 1 is adjusted for patient specific characteristics including age, sex, race, smoking status, body mass index, and CHS center.
Estimate 2 is adjusted for all variables in estimate 1 plus all measures of comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments.
These estimates are based on a sample size of 294 participants with complete data who also have known left ventricular ejection fraction.
HFrEF: heart failure and reduced ejection fraction; SRHS: Self-reported health status; CKD: Chronic Kidney disease; ADLs: activities of daily living; IADLs: instrumental activities of daily living; 3MSE: modified mini-mental state examination; HFrEF: Heart Failure and reduced left ventricular Ejection Fraction.