Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate associations between smoking and severity of diarrhoeal disease
| Characteristics | Unadjusted. OR (95 % CI), p | Model 1; OR (95 % CI), p | Model 2; OR (95 % CI), p | Model 3; OR (95 % CI), p | Model 4; OR (95 % CI), p | Model 5; OR (95 % CI) p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking | 0.92 (0.85-0.99) 0.035 | 0.95 (0.88-1.03) 0.239 | 0.89 (0.83-0.96) 0.004 | 0.92 (0.85-0.99) 0.025 | 0.89 (0.83-0.96) 0.004 | 0.92 (0.85-0.99) 0.025 |
| Age | - | |||||
| 15–30 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Above 30 years | 0.86 (0.79-0.95) 0.002 | 0.83 (0.78-0.89) <0.001 | 0.81 (0.76-0.87) <0.001 | 0.92 (0.85-0.99) 0.024 | 0.82 (0.76-0.88) <0.001 | 0.92 (0.85-0.99) 0.020 |
| Wealth quintile | - | - | ||||
| 1st (rich) | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd (upper middle) | 1.27 (1.12-1.44) <0.001 | - | 1.24 (1.11-1.38) <0.001 | 1.20 (1.08-1.35) 0.001 | 1.24 (1.11-1.39) <0.001 | 1.21 (1.08-1.35) 0.001 |
| 3rd (middle) | 1.60 (1.40-1.83) <0.001 | - | 1.40 (1.25-1.56) <0.001 | 1.31 (1.17-1.47) <0.001 | 1.41 (1.26-1.57) <0.001 | 1.32 (1.18-1.47) <0.001 |
| 4th (lower middle) | 2.01 (1.75-2.30) <0.001 | - | 1.37 (1.22-1.54) <0.001 | 1.37 (1.22-1.54) <0.001 | 1.40 (1.25-1.57) <0.001 | 1.39 (1.24-1.56) <0.001 |
| 5th (poor) | 1.75 (1.52-2.00) <0.001 | - | 1.26 (1.12-1.43) <0.001 | 1.32 (1.67-1.50) <0.001 | 1.32 (1.17-1.49) <0.001 | 1.36 (1.20-1.54) <0.001 |
| Illiterate | 1.84 (6.12-6.81) <0.001 | - | 1.41 (1.29-1.52) <0.001 | 1.40 (1.29-1.51) <0.001 | 1.43 (1.30-1.52) <0.001 | 1.39 (1.28-1.51) <0.001 |
| Vibrio cholerae | 5.61 (4.72-6.65) <0.001 | - | - | 4.44 (4.05-4.86) <0.001 | - | 4.28 (3.90-4.69) <0.001 |
| Shigella spp. | 0.53 (0.45-0.61) <0.001 | - | - | - | 0.45 (0.40-0.52) <0.001 | 0.57 (0.50-0.66) <0.001 |
Only results for male subjects shown. Odds ratios (OR), 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) and p values, calculated using ordinal logistic regression, are shown for each model
Dependent variable: disease severity (0 = mild, 1 = moderately severe, 2 = severe, 3 = extremely severe)
Primary exposure: current smoker (0 = no, 1 = Yes)
Adjusting confounder/modifiers:
Model 1: Disease severity, Age (0 = 15–30 years)
Model 2: Model 1 + Wealth index (0 = rich), Illiteracy (0 = literacy)
Model 3: Model 2 + Vibrio cholerae (0 = no)
Model 4: Model 2 + Shigella spp. (0 = no)
Model 5: Model 1 + all variables