Table 1.
Schematic of sampling
| Routine sampling |
Additional sampling | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Mobile herds | Sedentary herds | Transboundary trade routes/ market |
Reports of clinical disease |
| Number of herds | 15 | 15 | Variable | Variable |
| Animals/herd | 5/herda,b | 5/herda,b | 10-30/sampling day | Up to 10 infected individuals |
| Sample frequency | 2x year (rainy season/ dry season) |
2 x year (rainy season/ dry season) |
4x year(2x rainy season/2x dry season) |
Sampling at report |
| Samples/activity | Serum, probang, survey | Serum, probang, survey | Serum, probang, survey | Serum, probang, abbreviated survey, lesion swab/tissue sample/vesicular fluid |
a
The same five cattle were followed at each visit. Cattle lost to follow-up for any reason were replaced with their oldest descendant still present in the herd or another close relative if no direct descendants were remaining in the herd. Additionally, newly purchased cattle were tested and followed from the first visit after entry into the herd until they left the herd.
b
As part of a larger project, all animals (including small ruminants and all cattle over 1 year of age) for each herd were sampled once between 2011 and 2014. This paper includes samples from the first three herds.