Table 3.

Summary of findings

Outcome	Impact	Number of studies	Confidence in the findings (GRADE)
Single educational intervention versus control
Engaging in EIDM behaviours	Evidence of effect is mixed	1 non-randomized trial [35]	Very low
Use of research evidence for practice change	Evidence of effect is mixed	1 cluster RCT [33]	Unable to be assessed; serious study limitations
Client outcomes	Evidence of no effect	1 RCT [47]	Moderate
Single educational intervention versus single educational intervention
Engaging in EIDM behaviours	Evidence of an effect for all outcomes	1 RCT [39], 1 cluster non-randomized trial [32]	Very low to moderate
Multifaceted intervention versus control
Engaging in EIDM behaviours	Evidence of no effect	2 non-randomized trials [37, 60], 1 cluster non-randomized trial [42]	Very low to low
Use of research evidence for practice change	Evidence of effect for most outcomes	2 RCTs [34, 43]; 1 cluster non-randomized trial [48]	Very low to moderate
Client outcomes	Evidence of effect is mixed	1 RCT [45], 1 cluster RCT [41], 1 non-randomized trial [46], 1 cluster non-randomized trial [48]	Low to moderate
Multifaceted intervention versus single educational intervention
Client outcomes	Evidence of effect is mixed	1 RCT [36]; 1 cluster RCT [38]	Moderate to high; no serious risk of bias
Multifaceted intervention versus multifaceted intervention
Engaging in EIDM behaviours	Evidence of effect	1 cluster non-randomized trial [42]	Low
Use of research evidence for practice change	Evidence of effect is mixed	1 RCT [43]; 1 cluster RCT [44], 1 cluster non-randomized trial [40]	Very low to moderate
Client outcomes	Evidence of effect is mixed	1 cluster RCT [49]	Moderate to high