Table 2.
Mean changes in program outcomes for all child participants (n = 2,812)a
| All child participants | nb | Before program | After program | Mean change | P-value | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95 % CI) | Mean (95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | (Cohen’s d) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1,782 | 26.7 (26.3, 27.1) | 26.0 (25.6, 26.4) | −0.65 (−0.78, −0.53) | <.001 | −.07 |
| BMI z-score | 1,776 | 2.07 (2.04, 2.11) | 1.96 (1.93, 2.00) | −0.11 (−0.12, −0.09) | <.001 | −.13 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1,769 | 86.6 (85.5, 87.8) | 84.2 (83.1, 85.4) | −1.83 (−2.61, −1.05) | <.001 | −.09 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 1,769 | 0.60 (0.59, 0.61) | 0.58 (0.57, 0.58) | −0.02 (−0.02, −0.01) | <.001 | −.12 |
| Global self-esteem score (range: 0–30) | 1,348 | 17.9 (17.2, 18.5) | 20.7 (20.1, 21.3) | 2.73 (2.06, 3.41) | <.001 | .20 |
| Screen-timec (hours/week) | 1,328 | 13.0 (12.3, 13.8) | 8.28 (7.47, 9.08) | −4.78 (−5.53, −4.03) | <.001 | −.27 |
| Recovery heart rate (beats/min) | 1,733 | 109.7(107.1, 112.3) | 102.5 (99.9, 105.1) | −4.64 (−7.57, −1.72) | 0.002 | −.11 |
| Physical activity ≥1 h/session (days/week) | 1,348 | 1.73 (1.56, 1.89) | 2.91 (2.74, 3.08) | 1.24 (1.01, 1.47) | <.001 | .31 |
| Daily serves of fruit (n) | 607 | 1.90 (1.67, 2.13) | 2.25 (2.01, 2.49) | 0.16(−0.12, 0.45) | <.001 | .10 |
| Daily serves of vegetable (n) | 582 | 1.92 (1.63, 2.20) | 2.55 (2.26, 2.84) | 0.78 (0.35, 1.23) | <.001 | .38 |
| Unhealthy food indexd (score range: 0–20) | 1,549 | 7.64 (7.35, 7.94) | 4.70 (4.39, 5.01) | −2.42 (−2.82, −2.02) | <.001 | .41 |
| Probability of consuming item ‘frequently’ | % (95 % CI) | % (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | |||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages (%) | 1,598 | 0.73 (0.70, 0.78) | 0.56 (0.55, 0.58) | 0.25 (0.21, 0.30) | <.001 | − |
| Lollies/chocolate (%) | 1,598 | 0.86 (0.81, 0.89) | 0.59 (0.57, 0.60) | 0.20 (0.17, 0.23) | <.001 | − |
| Potato chips (%) | 1,597 | 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) | 0.56 (0.55, 0.57) | 0.19 (0.16, 0.22) | <.001 | − |
| Takeaways (%) | 1,536 | 0.57 (0.55, 0.58) | 0.51 (0.51, 0.52) | 0.17 (0.13, 0.22) | <.001 | − |
| Daily breakfast (%) | 1,508 | 0.60 (0.58, 0.62) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 12.83 (10.87, 15.14) | <.001 | − |
| Probability of always/often undertaking behaviour | − | |||||
| Often/always understand nutrition labels (%) | 1,535 | 0.99 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.73 (0.69, 0.77) | 0.23 (0.20, 0.26) | <.001 | − |
| Often/always cooking fresh food from scratch (%) | 1,537 | 0.59 (0.57, 0.61) | 0.64 (0.62, 0.67) | 1.59 (1.37, 1.83) | <.001 | − |
| Often/always eating dinner as a family (%) | 1,539 | 0.61 (0.59, 0.64) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.68) | 1.30 (1.12, 1.50) | <.001 | − |
BMI body mass index, CI confidence intervals, SD standard deviation
aAdjusted for baseline values, age, sex, SEIFA, ARIA+; season, and the number of program sessions attended
bNumbers vary due to missing data
cWatching TV/DVDs/videos or playing electronic/video games
dBased on frequency of consumption of unhealthy foods (i.e., potato chips, lollies, chocolate, takeaway foods and sugar-sweetened soft drinks); higher scores represent a less healthy food index