Table 3.

Cardiovascular and anticancer drugs cystatin C pharmacokinetic study

Drug class	Drug	Study	Population			Detection method			Renal function		Renal function-PK
			Number of patients	Patients	Age (years)	Creatinine	CysC	Drug	Creatinine	CysC	Significant correlation between CysC and drug clearance (r2)	Significant correlation between CysC and drug C0 (r2)	CysC is better correlated with PK compared to creatinine (r2)
Cardiac drug	Digoxin	Hallberg et al. 41	149	Adult and elderly patients	55–106	Jaffé	PENIA	FPIA	Concentration	Concentration	―	Yes (0.20)	Yes (0.14)
		Garcia et al. 42	61	Adult and elderly patients with cardiac insufficiency	24–92	Jaffé	PENIA	FPIA	CG	Larsson	Yes (0.25)	Yes	Yes (0.16)
		O'Riordan et al. 43	18	Elderly healthy patients	67–86	Jaffé	PENIA	FPIA	Concentration	Concentration	―	No (0.09)	No (0.16)
Anticancer	Carboplatin	Thomas et al. 40	45	Adult and elderly patients with cancer	21–79	Jaffé	PENIA	FAAS	CG	Concentration	Yes	―	Yes
		Schmitt et al. 61	357	Adult and elderly patients with cancer	21–87	Jaffé	PENIA	FAAS	Concentration	Concentration	Yes	―	―
	Topotecan	Hoppe et al. 39	59	Adult and elderly patients with cancer	18–76	Jaffé	PENIA	HPLC	Concentration	Concentration	Yes (0.43)	―	Yes (0.23)

CG, Cockcroft–Gault equation

CysC, cystatin C

FAAS, flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis

FPIA, fluorescence polarization immunoassay

HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography

PENIA, particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay.