Table 3.

Third Phase: Evidence of Neuron Loss and Reduced Size of Anatomical Structures in Pre-Adolescence to Adulthood

Third Phase: Pre-Adolescence to Adulthood
DECREASED Amygdala neuron numbers (Schumann & Amaral 2006) Amygdala volume (Pierce et al. 2004, Aylward et al. 1999) Fusiform gyrus neuron numbers (Van Kooten et al. 2008) Purkinje neuron numbers (Bailey et al. 2008; Reviews: Palmen et al. 2004; Amaral et al. 2008) Neuron size in cerebrum & cerebellum (Kemper & Bauman, 1998; Fatemi et al. 2002; Casanova et al. 2006) Dendritic arbors (Martin-Ruiz et al. 2004) Minicolumn size (Casanova et al., 2002, 2006; Buxhoeveden et al., 2006; Morgan et al. 2008) Inferior Frontal and Insula Volumes (Kosaka et al., 2010)
THINNING Cortical regions (Courchesne et al. 1993, Hadjikhani et al. 2006), but thicker in other studies (Bailey et al 1998; Harden et al. 2006) Corpus callosum (Egaas et al. 1995, Review: Courchesne, in press 2010) Increased CSF (Hallahan et al. 2009)
ACTIVATED MICROGLIA AND POSSIBLE INFLAMMATION Increases in some pro-apoptotic, decreases in anti-apoptotic molecules (Araghi-Niknam & Fatemi 2003) Microglia activation, pro- & anti-inflammatory molecules (Vargas et al. 2005, Morgan et al. 2010)