Table 1:
Characteristic* | Cohort; no. (%) of patients† | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Derivation1 (Ontario 2011) n = 640 022 | Ontario (2003–2010) n = 2 862 996 | Alberta (2011–2012) n = 210 595 | Boston (2010–2012) n = 66 683 | |
Age, yr, median (IQR) | 59 (37 to 75) | 54 (35 to 72) | 51 (32 to 70) | 57 (45 to 69) |
Male sex | 244 273 (38.2) | 1 074 241 (37.5) | 77 933 (37.0) | 29 426 (44.1) |
Living status before admission | ||||
Home, independent living | 531 017 (83.0) | 2 689 908 (94.0) | 202 949 (96.4) | 66 000 (99.0) |
Rehabilitation facility | 1 113 (0.2) | 1 029 (0.04) | –§ | 473 (0.7) |
Home, with home care | 77 589 (12.1) | 109 328 (3.8) | 7 713 (3.7) | –§ |
Nursing home | 28 628 (4.5) | 60 080 (2.1) | 2 103 (1.0) | 210 (0.3) |
Chronic care hospital | 1 675 (0.3) | 2 651 (0.1) | 181 (0.1) | –§ |
Charlson Comorbidity Index score | ||||
0 | 369 844 (57.8) | 1 912 524 (66.8) | 129 539 (61.5) | 24 554 (36.8) |
1–2 | 138 987 (21.7) | 574 476 (20.1) | 44 023 (20.9) | 20 836 (31.2) |
≥ 3 | 131 191 (20.5) | 375 996 (13.1) | 39 384 (18.7) | 21 293 (31.9) |
Home oxygen | 15 018 (2.3) | 19 235 (0.7) | –§ | 1 702 (2.6) |
≥ 1 visit to emergency department in past 12 mo | 287 678 (44.9) | 1 293 810 (45.2) | 71 678 (34.0) | 32 873 (49.3) |
≥ 1 admission to hospital by ambulance in past 12 mo | 60 339 (9.4) | 151 452 (5.3) | 22 522 (10.7) | 22 522 (33.8) |
Admitting service — medicine | ||||
General | 200 726 (31.4) | 769 804 (26.9) | 76 821 (36.5) | 23 094 (34.6) |
Cardiology | 40 720 (6.4) | 188 947 (6.6) | 5 387 (2.6) | 6 538 (9.8) |
Gastroenterology/nephrology/neurology | 31 454 (4.9) | 127 020 (4.4) | 4 589 (2.2) | 2 076 (3.1) |
Palliative care | 4 999 (0.8) | 6 348 (0.2) | 1 372 (0.7) | –§ |
Hematology/oncology | 15 031 (2.3) | 62 483 (2.2) | 1 293 (0.6) | 5 730 (8.6) |
Admitting service — surgery | ||||
General | 70 486 (11.0) | 344 679 (12.0) | 37 886 (18.0) | 5 490 (8.2) |
Cardiovascular | 12 191 (1.9) | 54 853 (1.9) | 1 441 (0.7) | 6 766 (10.1) |
Neurosurgery | 7 667 (1.2) | 36 922 (1.3) | 1 519 (0.7) | 2 405 (3.6) |
Orthopedic | 53 865 (8.4) | 252 299 (8.8) | 12 850 (6.1) | 5 921 (8.9) |
Plastic | 13 646 (2.1) | 77 055 (2.7) | 4 355 (2.1) | 1 430 (2.1) |
Thoracic/transplant | 4 006 (0.6) | 12 808 (0.4) | 713 (0.3) | 258 (0.4) |
Trauma | 8 573 (1.3) | 43 268 (1.5) | 2 645 (1.3) | 960 (1.4) |
Urology | 20 997 (3.3) | 99 571 (3.5) | 4 331 (2.1) | 1 959 (2.9) |
Obstetrics/gynecology | ||||
Ante-, intra-, postpartum | 131 639 (20.6) | 634 971 (22.2) | 50 045 (23.8) | 29 (0.04) |
Gynecology | 24 022 (3.8) | 151 879 (5.3) | 5 348 (2.5) | 4 027 (6.0) |
Admission urgency | ||||
Elective | 303 145 (47.4) | 1 485 392 (51.9) | 85 232 (40.5) | 32 042 (48.1) |
Emergency department, no ambulance | 164 619 (25.7) | 787 321 (27.5) | 69 289 (32.9) | 28 068 (42.1) |
Emergency department, ambulance | 172 258 (26.9) | 590 283 (20.6) | 56 074 (26.6) | 6 555 (9.8) |
Urgent readmission (≤ 30 d of previous admission) | 29 128 (4.6) | 50 921 (1.8) | 11 979 (5.7) | 5 061 (7.6) |
Admitted to intensive care unit | 47 637 (7.4) | 209 175 (7.3) | 14 525 (6.9) | 2 771 (4.2) |
Diagnostic Risk Score,‡ mean ± SD | −1.79 ± 4.42 | −1.99 ± 4.52 | −1.44 ± 3.70 | −1.42 ± 3.72 |
Note: Boston = Brigham and Women’s Hospital, HOMR = Hospital-patient One-year Mortality Risk, IQR = interquartile rage, SD = standard deviation.
Further details about the characteristics and the database sources are given in Appendix 2.
Unless stated otherwise.
Details about the Diagnostic Risk Score are given in Appendix 1. In the validation cohort, the Diagnostic Risk Score ranged from −22 to 12 (median 0, interquartile range −3 to 0).
Data unavailable in the administrative datasets.