Table 2.

Alteration of mitochondrial dynamics by viruses and its physiological significance. List of viruses known to disrupt mitochondrial dynamics and the consequences on cell physiology and viral pathogenesis.

Virus [Ref]	Effect on mitochondrial dynamics	Viral protein involved	Affected protein(s)	Consequences on cell physiology
Hepatitis C virus [8], [9]	Enhanced fission and mitophagy	Core, E1–E2	Activation of Drp-1, and mitochondrial translocation of Parkin	Inhibition of apoptosis and innate immune response, facilitates persistent infection
Pseudorabies virus [136]	Fragmented mitochondria	Glycoprotein B (GB)	Altered functioning of Miro protein	Affects intracellular calcium signaling and mitochondrial motility
Human cytomegalovirus [130]	Enhanced fission	vMIA	Affects mechanism of Bax	Inhibition of apoptosis
Epstein–Barr virus [128]	Enhanced fission	LMP2A	Up regulation of Drp-1	Cell migration and apoptosis
Hepatitis B virus [7]	Enhanced fission and mitophagy	HBx	Parkin and PINK1 up-regulation and Drp-1 phosphorylation	Inhibition of apoptosis and innate immune response, facilitates persistent infection
Influenza A virus [98]	Induction of mitophagy	Unknown	The NOD2 and RIPK2 promote ULK1 phosphorylation to induce mitophagy	Inhibits inflammasome activation and reduces disease severity
Influenza A virus [137], [138]	Induction of mitochondrial fragmentation	PB1-F2	Inhibit MAVS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation	Inhibit the antiviral response via mitochondrial pathways
Measles virus and Newcastle disease virus [139], [140], [144]	Induction of mitophagy	Unknown	Reduces the level of MAVS via p62 dependent mitophagy	Cripples innate immune signaling
SARS coronavirus [141]	Enhanced fusion	ORF-9b	Reduces the level of Drp1 and MAVS	Cripples innate immune signaling