Table 9 . Concentration of key components in fresh urine.

Variable	Concentration range (mg/L)	References
Electrical conductivity EC	160 mS/cm	Jana et al. (2012)
	270 mS/cm	Jönsson et al. (1997)
Osmolarity	1025 mosmol/kg	Callis et al. (1999)
	50–1200 mosmol/kg	Garrow et al. (1993)
COD	17,500	Putnam (1971), Almeida et al. (1999)
	6270–10,600	Putnam (1971)
Total N	8000	Ban and Dave (2004)
	5000	Jönsson et al. (2004)
	11,000–13,900	Jönsson et al. (2004), Southgate and Durnin (1970)
	4000	Jönsson et al. (1997)
	12,000	Mojtahedi et al. (2002)
	11,700	Beler-Baykal et al. (2004)
TKN	9220	Beler-Baykal et al. (2011)
	5580–7900	Putnam (1971)
Urea	21,400	Jönsson (2005)
	9300–23,300	Putnam (1971)
	10,000	Otterpohl et al. (2002)
NH4-N	125	Jana et al. (2012)
	600	Beler-Baykal et al. (2004)
NH3-N	480	Tilley et al. (2008b), Diem and Lentner (1970)
	200–730	Putnam (1971)
	300	Tilley et al. (2008a)
Total P	350	Jönsson et al. (1997)
	800–2500	Wignarajah et al. (2003)
	1000	Del Porto and Steinfeld (1999)
	1800	Ban and Dave (2004)
PO4-P	205	Tilley et al. (2008a), Diem and Lentner (1970), Jana et al. (2012)
	450	Tilley et al. (2008a)
	760	Diem and Lentner (1970)
K	966–1446	Beler-Baykal et al. (2004)
	1200	Jönsson et al. (1997)
	750–2610	Putnam (1971)
Ca	230	Diem and Lentner (1970)
	32	Jana et al. (2012)
	70	Tilley et al. (2008a)
Mg	120	Diem and Lentner (1970)
	70	Tilley et al. (2008a)
Creatine	0–890	Putnam (1971)
Creatinine	311–2150	Putnam (1971)
Uric acid	40	Putnam (1971)
	152–858	Jen et al. (2002)
	856	Dong (1999)