Fig. 5.

EEP inhibits TM-induced ER stress response in RAW264.7 cells. Cells were pretreated with EEP (30 mg/L) in the presence of TM (5 mg/L) treatment for 12 h, and then the protein (a) and mRNA (b) levels of ER stress markers were evaluated by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus vehicle-treated control; ^# P < 0.05, ^## P < 0.01 versus TM treatment