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. 2015 Jul 14;8:30. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00030

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Copyright © 2015 Obata, Hippler, Saha, Jandhyala and Latinovic.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stx2 induces PI3K-involved signaling pathway to release glutamate. (A) Phospho-array assay of neuronal lysates showed increased phosphorylation in Akt after 2 h incubation with 1 nM Stx2 (n = 2/probe). (B) GSK3β was also increased (n = 2/probe). (A,B) each depict a single example from a total of three samples. All experiments showed a similar trend. (C) Neurons were incubated with a PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin (Wort) and analyzed by Ca²⁺ imaging. Wortmannin significantly decreased Stx2-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ (BSS n = 7 and Wort n = 4, Student's t-test). (D) A schematic presentation of the proposed Stx2-induced PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway leading to neurotransmitter (glutamate) release.