Table 1.

Sensory processing dysfunctions in schizophrenia

Modality	Patient experience	Neurocognitive disturbance	Neurophysiological paradigms	Neuroimaging paradigms	Neurotransmitter mechanisms	Candidate Genes
Auditory	Noises appear louder; misperception of sounds; hallucinations (6); reduced response to environmental change as a chronic adaptation (110)	Decreased detection of target signals in digit-vigilance and coding tasks; poor pitch perception ; phonological reading deficits (74); amusia (121)	Diminished PPI (7, 11), and P50/N100 sensory gating (10); reduced N100, MMN, and P300 amplitude (12, 71)	Increased frontotemporal /thalamic activity during gating (14); Reduced auditory activation to deviant auditory stimuli (68)	Diminished nicotinic cholinergic and NMDAR glutamate activation of inhibitory interneurons; increased catecholaminergic sensitization of neuron responses (36, 37)	CHRNA7, NRG1, COMT, DISC1 (122)
Visual	Objects appear fragmented and distorted (102); decreased sensitivity to dim, rapidly presented, or moving objects (48)	Reduced “closure” ability (98); impaired face emotion recognition (99); visual reading deficits (104, 105)	Diminished visual P1 to low spatial frequency stimuli (89, 123, 124); diminished event- related desynchronization of ongoing rhythms (121)	Reduced activation of low spatial frequency regions of visual cortex (91, 92)	Non-linear amplification failure in subcortical visual pathways ; decreased glutamate NMDAR activation (90)	DTNBP1 (125); NOS1 (126)