Table 3.
Risk factors for incorrect inhalation techniques by univariable analysis (n=103)
| Variables | n | Incorrect (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 37 | 83.8 | 2.2 (0.8–6.2) | 0.114 |
| Male (Ref) | 66 | 69.7 | |||
| Age | ≥70 years | 58 | 81.0 | 2.1 (0.9–5.3) | 0.096 |
| <0 years (Ref) | 45 | 66.7 | |||
| Education | Low (≤6 years) | 85 | 80.0 | 4.0 (1.4–11.6) | 0.008 |
| High (>6 years) (Ref) | 18 | 50.0 | |||
| Percent predicted of FEV1a | <50 | 53 | 77.4 | 1.4 (0.5–3.3) | 0.492 |
| ≥50 years (Ref) | 49 | 71.4 | |||
| mMRC scoreb | ≥2 | 67 | 77.6 | 1.6 (0.7–4.2) | 0.279 |
| <2 (Ref) | 34 | 67.6 | |||
| CAT scoreb | ≥10 | 54 | 81.5 | 2.3 (0.9–5.7) | 0.075 |
| <10 (Ref) | 47 | 66.0 | |||
| Frequent AE in the previous year (≥2 times/year) | Yes | 23 | 73.9 | 0.9 (0.3–2.7) | 0.916 |
| No (Ref) | 80 | 75.0 | |||
| Treatment by a pulmonologist in the previous 2 years | Yes | 46 | 76.1 | 1.1 (0.5–2.8) | 0.780 |
| No (Ref) | 57 | 73.7 | |||
| Inhaler device | Multiple | 72 | 77.8 | 1.7 (0.6–4.2) | 0.282 |
| Single (Ref) | 31 | 67.7 |
Note: Data are shown as n (%) or the mean ± standard deviation,
a
n=102,
b
n=101.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; AE, acute exacerbation; OR, odds ratio; ref, reference.