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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 14.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Host Microbe. 2014 Mar 12;15(3):283–294. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.010

Figure 4. Viruses and Viral Products that Target the DNA Damage and Repair Pathways.

Figure 4

Viral infection and viral gene products (shown outside the gray boxes) activate DDR signaling (shown within the gray boxes) directly or indirectly through induction of ROS and replication stress. Viral oncoproteins activate and are acted upon by damage kinases, as indicated by two-way arrows. Viruses act at every stage of the DDR pathway to disrupt signaling checkpoints and repair processes, as shown. Many of these have been shown to contribute to the process of cellular transformation (see the main text for details and references).