Figure 1.

Central metabolic pathways and their association with key metabolic enzymes

Enzymes marked in red have been implicated with tumor initiation and progression and/or serve as potential therapeutic targets. G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; F6P, fructose-6-phosphate; F1,6P, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; F2,6P, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate; G3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; 1,3BPG, 1,3 biphosphoglycerate; 3PG, 3-phosphoglycerate; 2PG, 2-phosphoglycerate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; 3PHP, 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate; Ac-CoA, acetyl-CoA; 6PGL, 6-phospho-glucono-1,5-lactone; 6PGC, 6-phospho-D-gluconate; Ru5P, ribulose 5-phosphate; R5P, ribose 5-phosphate. PRPP, 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate. S7P, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate; Xu5P, xylulose 5-phosphate; E4P, erythrose 4-phosphate; THF, tetrahydrofolate; mTHF, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate; DHF, dihydrofolate; Mal-CoA, malonyl-CoA; αKG, α-ketoglutarate; dTMP, deoxythymidine monophosphate; dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; HK2, hexokinase 2; GPI, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase; PFKFB2, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase; PFK1, phosphofructokinase 1; PGAM, phosphoglycerate mutase; PKM2, pyruvate kinase M2 isoform; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; PHGDH, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; FH, fumarate hydratase; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; GLS, glutaminase; GS, glutathione synthetase; ASCT2, solute carrier family 1, member 5; ACL, ATP citrate lyase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FASN, fatty acid synthase; ASNS, asparagine synthetase; ASL, argininosuccinate lyase; ASS, argininosuccinate synthetase; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase; TYMS, thymidylate synthase.