TABLE 5.

Effects of Glucocorticoids and Estradiol on Neuronal Morphology

Effects of Glucocorticoids and Estradiol on Neuronal Morphology
Species	Neural Region or Neural Tissue	Outcome of Interest	Effect of Glucocorticoid or Stress on Neural Tissue	Effect of Estradiol on Neural Tissue
Rat	Various regions	Inflammatory Markers	↑ (Males) (Blandino Jr et al., 2006; MacPherson et al., 2005; O'Connor et al., 2003; Tynan et al., 2010)	/
	Hippocampus or Fetal Hippocampal Cultures	Dendrite Length	↓ (Males & Females) (Galea et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2010; Watanabe et al., 1992; Woolley et al., 1990b)	↑ (Fetal Cultures) (Brinton et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2006)
		Dendrite Branch Points	↓ (Males & Females) (Galea et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2010; Watanabe et al., 1992; Woolley et al., 1990b)	↑ (Fetal Cultures) (Brinton et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2006)
		Dendrite Spine Density	/	↑ (Females) (Gould et al., 1990; Woolley et al., 1990a; Woolley and McEwen, 1993)
		Synaptic Density	/	↑ (Females) (Woolley and McEwen, 1992)
		Neuron Number	↓ (Males) (Haynes et al., 2003)	↑ (Males & Fetal Cultures) (Brinton et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2006; Saravia et al., 2007)
	Striatum	Neuron Number	↓ (Males) (Haynes et al., 2003)	/
	Prefrontal Cortex	Dendrite Length	↓ (Males) (Brown et al., 2005; Cook and Wellman, 2004; Wellman, 2001)	/
		Dendrite Branch Points	↓ (Males) (Brown et al., 2005; Cook and Wellman, 2004; Wellman, 2001)	/
Vervet Monkey	Hippocampus	Neuron Number	↓ (Males) (Uno et al., 1989)	/
		Dendrite Branch Points	↓ (Males) (Uno et al., 1989)	/
Human	Hippocampus	Area Volume	/	↑ (Females) (Protopopescu et al., 2008)

“/” indicates unknown, or not investigated in cited articles