Table 3.

Regression results for the total amount of OOP payments

	Probit	SSM 11 , OLS	2 PM 12 , OLS
Variables	OOP payments >0	Total OOP payments	Total OOP payments
Age 50-591	−0.10	−0.20*	−0.23**
	(0.118)	(0.102)	(0.094)
Age 60-69	0.00	−0.06	−0.06
	(0.118)	(0.092)	(0.087)
Age 70-79	0.06	−0.04	−0.02
	(0.130)	(0.097)	(0.092)
Men2	−0.14**	0.01	−0.03
	(0.062)	(0.062)	(0.048)
1. Quintile3	−0.23**	−0.35***	−0.40***
	(0.104)	(0.112)	(0.092)
2. Quintile	−0.08	−0.26**	−0.28**
	(0.104)	(0.102)	(0.093)
3. Quintile	0.17	−0.28**	−0.23**
	(0.110)	(0.104)	(0.093)
4. Quintile	0.01	−0.13	−0.12
	(0.102)	(0.119)	(0.116)
1-2 chronic diseases4	0.61***	0.37*	0.56***
	(0.069)	(0.195)	(0.060)
≥3 chronic diseases	0.67***	0.76***	0.97***
	(0.104)	(0.216)	(0.079)
1-2 acute health problems5	0.13*	−0.05	−0.02
	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.054)
≥3 acute health problems	−0.08	−0.15	−0.17
	(0.096)	(0.072)	(0.067)
Depressive Symptoms6	0.17*	0.17**	0.21***
	(0.076)	(0.068)	(0.055)
ADL7	0.08	0.60***	0.62***
	(0.132)	(0.090)	(0.084)
SAH < good8	0.24**	0.30***	0.36***
	(0.077)	(0.081)	(0.055)
Low education9	−0.04	−0.25**	−0.26***
	(0.104)	(0.085)	(0.080)
Intermediate education	0.02	−0.21***	−0.20***
	(0.071)	(0.061)	(0.058)
SHI10	0.76***	−0.76**	−0.51***
	(0.084)	(0.262)	(0.088)
Constant	−0.00	5.38***	4.79***
	(0.195)	(0.583)	(0.164)
N	2851	2851	2498
Pseudo R2	0.132
Likelihood Ratio Chi2	357.93
Prob > chi2	0.000
Wald chi2(18)		505.21
Prob > chi2		0.000
Adj. R2			0.220
F (18, 2832)			38.02
Prob > F			0.000

Reference categories: ¹Age > 80 ²Women ³5. Quintile ⁴no chronic diseases ⁵no acute health problems ⁶no depressive symptoms ⁷no limitations in activities of daily living (ADL) ⁸self-assessed health (SAH) ≥ good ⁹high education ¹⁰privately insured ¹¹Sample-Selection Model ¹²Two-Part Model.

Standard errors in parentheses.

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.