Table 2. Effect of both “species” (dwarf vs. normal) and “lake” on fish shape.

Effect of	DF	Approx F	P-value
All lakesa
Species	1, 215	161.25	<0.001*
Lake	4, 432	11.97	<0.001*
Sex	1, 215	2.61	0.076**
Species × lake	4, 432	2.75	0.006*
Species × sex	1, 215	0.37	0.691
Lake × sex	4, 432	2.14	0.031*
Species × lake × sex	4, 432	0.99	0.444
Within lakeb
Cliff
Species	1, 29	48.10	<0.001*
Sex	1, 29	0.67	0.519
Species × sex	1, 29	0.79	0.465
East
Species	1, 55	40.13	<0.001*
Sex	1, 55	1.83	0.171
Species × sex	1, 55	0.28	0.756
Indian
Species	1, 35	90.05	<0.001*
Sex	1, 35	2.26	0.119
Species × sex	1, 35	1.86	0.171
Témiscouata
Species	1, 48	17.56	<0.001*
Sex	1, 48	3.15	0.051+
Species × sex	1, 48	1.13	0.332
Webster
Species	1, 44	27.41	<0.001*
Sex	1, 44	1.33	0.275
Species × sex	1, 44	1.18	0.317

MANOVA, multivariate analysis of variance.

^aEffect of species identity (Dwarf vs. Normal), lake, sex, and their interaction on the two first axes of a PCA on 15 landmarks representing fish shape tested with a (MANOVA).

^bFive independent MANOVAs (one for each lake) testing for the effect of species identity, sex and their interaction on the same response variables

^*Significant result (P-value < 0.05).

^**Marginally significant result (P-value < 0.1)