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. 2015 Jul 15;5:12155. doi: 10.1038/srep12155

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(a) In vivo BBR metabolites in SD rats; M17 (m/z 337) was identified to be dihydroberberine (dhBBR), a BBR metabolite detected in the feces only; the parentheses indicate the sample in which the compound was detected. (b) Excretion of BBR, dhBBR and other BBR metabolites in rat feces, urine and bile after 72 h. (c) Distribution of dhBBR in organs of SD rats orally treated with BBR (200 mg/kg); ND: not detectable. (d) Conversion of BBR into dhBBR by the gut microbiota in vitro; U & insert: in rat large intestinal bacteria (RLIB); M & insert: in rat small intestinal bacteria (RSIB); L & insert: in human intestinal bacteria (HIB) in vitro. The Y axis shows the percentage of the administered amount of BBR (n = 6).