Table 1.

Shows the pharmacological modulators of P-gp

Inducers	Inhibitor
Prazosin, Topotecan, Amprena [222], Rifampin, Phenobarbital, Clotrimazole, Reserpine, Isosafrole, Midazolam and Nifedipine [139, 223], Dexamethasone [224] Morphine [225], Retinoic acid [226], St John’s wort [227]	Carvedilol [228], Cyclosporine [229], Itraconazole [230], Ketoconazole [231], Synthetic opiates e.g. Meperidine, Methadone, Pentazocine [232], Tamoxifen [233, 234], Vandetanib [235], β-elemene [236]