Figure 2.

Autophagy in A549 NSCLC cells. (A) Induction of autophagy in A549 cells by radiation (IR, 6 Gy) alone or radiation+1,25-D₃ by acridine orange staining. (B) Quantification of autophagy by flow cytometry in A549 cells (n = 3, mean ± SE, *P < 0.05). (C) A549 cells exposed to vehicle control, 100 nM 1,25-D₃, radiation (IR, 6Gy), or 100 nM 1,25-D₃ in combination with radiation. GFP-LC3 puncta indicate induction of autophagy (all images were taken at the same magnification). (D) Assessment of autophagic proteins, SQSTM1, and LC3-II in response to different treatment conditions by protein gel blots.