Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population According to Maternal Hepatitis C Virus Infection Status
| Characteristic | HCV-Infected (N = 70) | HCV-Uninfected (N = 669) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | ||||
| Country of birth, N (%a) | ||||
| Argentina | 46 (15) | 264 (85) | 2.33 (1.38, 3.95) | .0003 |
| Bahamas | 0 (0) | 30 (100) | Not calculated | |
| Brazil | 23 (7) | 308 (93) | 1.00 | |
| Mexico | 1 (2) | 41 (98) | 0.33 (0.04, 2.48) | |
| Peru | 0 (0) | 26 (100) | Not calculated | |
| Employment outside of the home, N (%a) | ||||
| No | 63 (11) | 520 (89) | 2.58 (1.16, 5.75) | .0139 |
| Yes | 7 (4) | 149 (96) | 1.00 | |
| Tobacco use during pregnancy, N (%a) | ||||
| No | 48 (8) | 529 (92) | 1.00 | .0488 |
| Yes | 22 (14) | 140 (86) | 1.73 (1.01, 2.97) | |
| Marijuana use during pregnancy, N (%a) | ||||
| No | 65 (9) | 656 (91) | 1.00 | .0213 |
| Yes | 5 (28) | 13 (72) | 3.88 (1.34, 11.23) | |
| Mode of acquisition of HIV infection, N (%a) | ||||
| Blood product transfusion | 1 (11) | 8 (89) | 1.37 ( 0.17, 11.11) | <.0001 |
| Sexual intercourse (heterosexual) | 59 (8) | 645 (92) | 1.00 | |
| Intravenous drug use | 10 (91) | 1 (9) | 109.32 (13.76, 868.8) | |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | Not calculated | |
| CD4 count at enrollment (cells/mm3) | ||||
| Mean | 347 | 425 | – | .0024 |
| Median | 319 | 385 | ||
| SD | 194 | 240 | ||
| Missingb | 0 | 4 | ||
| Plasma HIV RNA concentration at enrollment (copies/mL), N (%a) | ||||
| <1000 | 27 (7) | 373 (93) | 1.00 | .0135 |
| 1000 – <10 000 | 19 (11) | 147 (89) | 1.79(0.96, 3.31) | |
| ≥10 000 | 24 (14) | 146 (86) | 2.27 (1.27, 4.06) | |
| Missingb | 0 | 3 | ||
| Log10 plasma HIV RNA concentration at enrollment | ||||
| Mean | 3.31 | 2.94 | – | .0140 |
| Median | 3.26 | 2.75 | ||
| SD | 1.29 | 1.18 | ||
| Missingb | 0 | 3 | ||
| HIV clinical disease stage at enrollment, N (%a) | ||||
| A | 52 (8) | 574 (92) | 1.00 | .03934 |
| B | 8 (16) | 43 (84) | 2.05 (0.92, 4.60) | |
| C | 10 (16) | 52 (84) | 2.12 (1.02, 4.42) | |
| ALT at enrollment, N (%a) | ||||
| Normal | 60 (9) | 636 (91) | 1.00 | .0087 |
| Abnormal | 6 (29) | 15 (71) | 4.24 (1.59, 11.33) | |
| Missingb | 4 | 18 | ||
| ALT at enrollment (U/L) | ||||
| Mean | 32 | 22 | – | .0010 |
| Median | 27 | 20 | ||
| SD | 24 | 18 | ||
| Missingb | 4 | 16 | ||
| AST at enrollment, N (%a) | ||||
| Normal | 53 (8) | 635 (92) | 1.00 | <.0001 |
| Abnormal | 13 (50) | 13 (50) | 11.98 (5.29, 27.16) | |
| Missingb | 4 | 21 | ||
| AST at enrollment (U/L) | ||||
| Mean | 39 | 21 | – | .0004 |
| Median | 27 | 19 | ||
| SD | 40 | 11 | ||
| Missingb | 4 | 21 | ||
| Total bilirubin at enrollment (µmol/L) | ||||
| Mean | 0.51 | 0.42 | – | .0166 |
| Median | 0.50 | 0.40 | ||
| SD | 0.31 | 0.27 | ||
| Missingb | 6 | 19 | ||
| Platelet count at enrollment (×109/L) | ||||
| Mean | 230 | 252 | – | .0151 |
| Median | 230 | 245 | ||
| SD | 73 | 69 | ||
| Missingb | 3 | 16 | ||
| Most complex ARV regimen used for ≥28 days during pregnancy, N (%a) | ||||
| 1 NRTI | 4 (10) | 37 (90) | 0.78 (0.26, 2.32) | .34 |
| 2 NRTIsl | 4 (7) | 56 (93) | 0.51 (0.18, 1.51) | |
| 2 NRTIs + 1 NNRTI | 21 (7) | 279 (93) | 0.54 (0.31, 0.96) | |
| 2 NRTIs + 1 PI | 35 (12) | 252 (88) | 1.0 | |
| ARV(s) used for <28 days | 4 (12) | 30 (88) | 0.96 (0.32, 2.89) | |
| No ARVs used | 0 (0) | 3 (100) | Not calculated | |
| Other | 2 (14) | 12 (86) | 1.20 (0.26, 5.59) | |
| CD4 count at hospital discharge (cells/mm3), N (%a) | ||||
| < 200 | 15 (18) | 68 (82) | 2.70 (1.33, 5.48) | .0217 |
| 200–499 | 31 (9) | 304 (91) | 1.25 (0.70, 2.21) | |
| ≥500 | 22 (8) | 269 (92) | 1.00 | |
| Missingb | 2 | 28 | ||
| CD4 count at hospital discharge (cells/mm3) | ||||
| Mean | 408 | 503 | - | .0022 |
| Median | 409 | 444 | ||
| SD | 230 | 281 | ||
| Missingb | 2 | 28 | ||
| Clinical HIV disease stage at hospital discharge, N (%a) | ||||
| A | 51 (8) | 570 (92) | 1.00 | .0257 |
| B | 9 (17) | 45 (83) | 2.15 (1.22, 3.79) | |
| C | 10 (16) | 54 (84) | 2.07 (0.99, 4.31) | |
| Infant Characteristics | ||||
| Gender, N (%a) | ||||
| Female | 44 (12) | 329 (88) | 1.00 | .0331 |
| Male | 26 (7) | 338 (93) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.96) | |
| Missingb | 0 | 2 | ||
| Infant AST at hospital discharge (U/L) | ||||
| Mean | 58 | 65 | - | .0203 |
| Median | 54 | 57 | ||
| SD | 19 | 38 | ||
| Missingb | 11 | 71 |
Maternal characteristics not associated with maternal HCV infection status: age, education, alcohol use during pregnancy, reason for use of ARVs during pregnancy, total bilirubin at enrollment, mode of delivery, plasma HIV RNA concentration at hospital discharge, and log10 plasma HIV RNA concentration at hospital discharge.
None of the women reported heroin or cocaine use during pregnancy.
Infant characteristics not associated with maternal HCV infection status: gestational age at birth, birth weight, ALT at hospital discharge, total bilirubin at hospital discharge, and infant HIV infection status.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARV, antiretroviral; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; SD, standard deviation.
aPercentages were calculated in rows.
bNot used to calculate odds ratios or P values.