Table 5.
Bivariate associations between socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics and presence of LSIL+ lesions, per study group
| Group 1 (n = 131) | Group 2 (n = 128) | Group 3 (n = 539) | Group 4 (n = 220) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV screening centres | HIV screening centres | Hospitals | Health centres | ||||||
| HIV-positive women | HIV-negative women | HIV status unknown | HIV status unknown | ||||||
| Crude OR | 95 % CI | Crude OR | 95 % CI | Crude OR | 95 % CI | Crude OR | 95 % CI | ||
| Age (in years)a | 0.99 | 0.95 - 1.03 | 1.11** | 1.00 - 1.24 | 1.02 | 0.98 - 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.97 - 1.06 | |
| Age of menarche (in years)a | 0.94 | 0.67 - 1.30 | 2.87 | 0.36 - 23.07 | 1.03 | 0.82 - 1.30 | 0.80 | 0.55 - 1.15 | |
| Age of first sexual intercourse | 0.89* | 0.76 - 1.05 | 1.09 | 0.86 - 1.38 | 1.01 | 0.90 - 1.13 | 0.84* | 0.68 - 1.06 | |
| Marital status | married | 1.00 | 1.00* | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| single | 0.56 | 0.21 - 1.48 | 0.82 | 0.08 - 8.18 | 2.23 | 0.74 - 6.71 | 1.23 | 0.24 - 6.38 | |
| widowed | 1.16 | 0.45 - 2.94 | 8.33 | 0.41 - 170.67 | 1.44 | 0.44 - 4.69 | § | ||
| divorced | 0.75 | 0.20 - 2.79 | § | 1.71 | 0.36 - 8.10 | 1.58 | 0.18 - 14.28 | ||
| Formal employment | 0.75 | 0.35 - 1.61 | 1.74 | 0.28 - 10.79 | 1.92* | 0.73 - 5.03 | 0.28* | 0.06 - 1.38 | |
| Number of pregnancies | 0 - 2 | 1.00 | 1.00** | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 3 - 5 | 1.31 | 0.47 - 3.70 | 1.96 | 0.14 - 18.04 | 1.06 | 0.33 - 3.38 | 0.28 | 0.03 - 2.80 | |
| 6 or more | 1.31 | 0.49 - 3.51 | 10.01 | 1.18 - 75.36 | 0.66 | 0.22 - 1.93 | 0.83 | 0.19 - 3.59 | |
| Number of childbirths | 0 - 2 | 1.00* | 1.00** | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 3 - 5 | 1.08 | 0.96 - 5.77 | 8.65 | 1.34 - 55.65 | 0.31 | 0.15 - 1.70 | 0.70 | 0.11 - 4.31 | |
| 6 or more | 1.18 | 0.45 - 3.06 | § | 1.00 | 0.38 - 2.65 | 1.15 | 0.25 - 5.30 | ||
| Abortion | 1.70* | 0.77 - 3.78 | 1.43 | 0.23 - 8.85 | 2.09* | 0.69 - 6.35 | 1.17 | 0.31 - 4.48 | |
| Three or more lifetime sexual partners | 1.26 | 0.58 - 2.74 | 2.18 | 0.24 - 20.10 | 2.27* | 0.92 - 5.57 | 0.91 | 0.17 - 4.82 | |
| Hormonal contraception | 1.21 | 0.49 - 3.00 | 3.17 | 0.32 - 31.40 | 1.12 | 0.40 - 3.12 | § | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.30 | 0.04 - 2.49 | 2.46 | 0.39 - 15.51 | 1.57 | 0.64 - 3.87 | 4.62* | 0.86 - 24.75 | |
| Plants for vaginal care | † | † | 3.59* | 0.99 – 13.05 | 2.15 | 0.56 – 8.31 | |||
| Chemicals for vaginal care | 0.63 | 0.26 - 1.55 | §* | 0.49 | 0.11 - 2.13 | 2.06 | 0.39 - 10.95 | ||
LSIL+: cytology findings compatible with (pre)cancerous lesions (includes low- and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and carcinoma)
OR odds ratio; 95 % CI 95 % confidence interval of the odds ratio
aAge was treated as a continuous variable. Interpretation, e.g. in group 2: the odds of LSIL+ lesions increased with a factor 1.11 for each one-year increase in age
**P-value of Wald, chi-squared or Fisher exact test < 0.05
*P-value of Wald, chi-squared or Fisher exact test is not significant but is less than 0.2
§Odds ratio could not be calculated because there were cells without observations
†Data about use of plants for vaginal care were not available in groups 1 and 2