Table 1.
General characteristics of the cohort and comparison among participants with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), pre-diabetes, and diabetes.
| Entire sample (n=600) | NGT (n=208) | Pre-Diabetes (n=207) | Diabetes (n=185) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 59.3 ± 2.9 | 59.1 ± 2.9 | 59.3 ± 2.8 | 59.4 ± 3.0 |
| Women | 460 (76.7) | 152 (72.9) | 167 (80.8) | 141 (76.2) |
| Education in years | 9.8 ± 4.2 | 10.6 ± 4.1 | 9.6 ± 3.9* | 9.2 ± 4.5** |
| Dominican origin | 519 (86.5) | 171 (82.3) | 188 (90.6)* | 160 (86.7)* |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 5.2 | 28.0 ± 4.8 | 29.0 ± 5.3** | 30.7 ± 5.2*** |
| Waist circumference (cms) | 93.8 ± 24.8 | 96.5 ± 11.7 | 97.3 ± 10.1 | 102.7 ± 16.2*** |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.08** |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132.6 ± 17.0 | 131.4 ± 15.9 | 131.0 ± 14.4 | 135.9 ± 20.4* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.9 ± 13.9 | 80.0 ± 12.4 | 79.0 ± 13.5 | 77.4 ± 15.8 |
| MAP | 96.0 ± 16.5 | 96.8 ± 14.5 | 95.8 ± 15.4 | 95.5 ± 19.6 |
| % Hypertension | 212 (35.4) | 67(32.1) | 69 (33.3) | 77 (41.9)* |
| HbA1c | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 5.9 ± 0.2*** | 7.5 ± 1.6 *** |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.0 ± 16.2 | 56.2 ± 18.8 | 50.2 ± 14.0* | 49.4 ± 14.3*** |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 147.4 ± 39.4 | 148.7 ± 40.1 | 149.7 ± 35.8 | 143.3 ± 42.3 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 4.56 ± 9.2 | 3.4 ± 3.9 | 4.9 ± 12.2* | 5.5 ± 9.3* |
| PHQ-9 Score | 2.1 ± 3.5 | 1.9 ± 3.6 | 1.9 ± 3.2 | 2.4 ± 3.6 |
| Tests of memory (words) | ||||
| SRT Total Recall | 40.7 ± 8.3 | 41.7 ± 8.3 | 41.2 ± 7.8 | 39.0 ± 8.7** |
| SRT Delayed Recall | 5.8 ± 2.1 | 6.0 ± 2.1 | 5.8 ± 2.0 | 5.5 ± 2.2* |
| SRT Recognition | 11.5 ± 1.3 | 11.5 ± 1.4 | 11.5 ± 1.1 | 11.5 ± 1.4 |
| Test of executive abilities (scores) | ||||
| Color Trials 1 | 22.8 ± 21.4 | 25.2 ± 23.0 | 20.7 ± 20.0 | 22.3 ± 20.8 |
| Color Trials 2 | 27.6 ± 23.9 | 31.1 ± 26.5 | 25.0 ± 21.3* | 26.6 ± 23.4 |
| Verbal Fluency | 33.6 ± 9.9 | 35.0± 10.6 | 33.4 ± 8.3 | 32.4 ± 10.5* |
ANOVA was used to compare means across diabetes categories for continuous variables and Likelihood ratio chi-square tests used for categorical variables. First an omnibus test was conducted, and if significant, diabetes and pre-diabetes were compared with NGT. Continuous variables are presented as means ± standard deviations. Categorical outcomes are presented as frequencies (percentages). Significance levels are presented as follows for pairwise comparisons:
*
< 0.05
**
<0.01
***
< 0.001