Table 1.
Age-standardized characteristics of participants at first-time screening colonoscopy, HPFS (1988-2008) and NHS (1986-2008)
| Men |
Women |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | High-risk adenoma (n=330) | Non-cases (n=4551) | High-risk adenoma (n=678) | Non-cases (n=17292) |
| Age, yrs* | 65.6(7.3) | 63.1(8.1) | 65.0(7.3) | 64.2(7.2) |
| Personal history of diabetes, % | 8.0 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 7.0 |
| Family history of colorectal cancer, % | 20.6 | 15.7 | 28.6 | 22.0 |
| Height, cm | 179(6) | 179(7) | 164(6) | 164(6) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.0(3.6) | 26.4(3.7) | 27.0(5.3) | 26.6(5.2) |
| Postmenopausal hormone use, % | ||||
| Never | 25.9 | 22.9 | ||
| Past | 28.9 | 35.4 | ||
| Current | 40.6 | 37.0 | ||
| Premenopausal, % | 4.6 | 4.8 | ||
| Former or current oral contraceptive user, % | 52.6 | 56.2 | ||
| Regular aspirin user , % | 35.7 | 39.7 | 36.8 | 39.9 |
| Regular NSAID user, % | 17.7 | 24.4 | 35.3 | 41.5 |
| Multivitamin | ||||
| Never, % | 25.0 | 18.4 | 2.9 | 3.0 |
| Past, % | 17.9 | 20.6 | 37.8 | 29.8 |
| Current,% | 57.1 | 61.0 | 59.2 | 67.2 |
| Years of use | 12.4(7.8) | 12.8(8.1) | 8.3(6.6) | 8.2(6.2) |
| Calcium intake, mg/d † | 450(437) | 510(465) | 845(598) | 911(608) |
| Vitamin D from supplement, IU/d | 192(235) | 214(248) | 238(253) | 288(275) |
| Beef/pork/lamb as main dish, servings/wk | 1.8(1.4) | 1.7(1.5) | 1.5(1.3) | 1.4(1.3) |
| Former or current smoker, % | 61.8 | 54.0 | 58.4 | 54.0 |
| Pack-years of smoking | 23.4(19.8) | 17.9(17.2) | 23.1(18.4) | 20.5(17.7) |
| Alcohol, g/d | 12.7(14.9) | 12.1(15.4) | 6.6(11.9) | 5.8(10.0) |
| Brisk walking, h/wk ‡ | 1.6(4.2) | 1.9(4.0) | 0.8(1.9) | 0.9(2.2) |
| Vigorous activity, h/wk ‡ | 1.4(2.3) | 2.0(3.6) | 1.1(4.0) | 0.9(2.3) |
| Physical activity‡ | ||||
| Low,% | 43.9 | 33.8 | 48.2 | 49.5 |
| Moderate,% | 28.7 | 32.6 | 37.7 | 34.9 |
| High,% | 27.3 | 33.6 | 14.1 | 15.5 |
| Sitting watching TV/VCR, h/d | 1.5(1.2) | 1.4(1.2) | 1.8(1.6) | 1.8(1.6) |
All values were calculated from the most recent questionnaire before the first colonoscopy, and other than age, have been directly standardized to age distribution of all the participants. Mean (SD) was presented for continuous variables.
Calcium intake was the sum of calcium intake from supplement and food. Calcium from food was derived by multiplying the total daily intake of milk, yogurt and fortified orange juice by 300mg.
Physical activity was defined by levels of brisk walking (walking speed ≥3 miles/hr) and vigorous activity (activities with ≥6 metabolic equivalents including running, jogging, bicycling, swimming, tennis, squash, racquetball and aerobics). Low: 0-4.9 hrs of brisk walking per week and no vigorous activity; moderate: 0-4.9 hrs of brisk walking and 0.1-2.9 hrs of vigorous activity; high: ≥5 hrs of brisk walking or ≥3 hrs of vigorous activity.