Table 2.
Percentage composition of the essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Thymbra (Tc) and Thymus (Th) Portuguese species evaluated. Samples arranged according to the degree of correlation obtained after agglomerative cluster analysis based on the essential oils' chemical composition. For abbreviations and cluster analysis see Table 1 and Figure 1, respectively.
| Components | RI | I | II | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ia | Ib | Ic | Id | |||||||
| Tc | Thc_F | Thc_P | Thp_SN | Thc_T | Thm_VC | Thc_G | Thc_PC | Thvl_O | ||
| Tricyclene | 921 | 0.1 | t | t | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
| α-Thujene | 924 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.1 |
| α-Pinene | 930 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| Camphene | 938 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
| Thuja-2,4(10)-diene | 940 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | t | t | ||||
| Sabinene | 958 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 0.2 | |
| 1-Octen-3-ol | 961 | 0.4 | t | t | 0.4 | t | 0.4 | 0.3 | t | |
| 3-Octanone | 961 | 1.9 | ||||||||
| β-Pinene | 963 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | |
| Dehydro-1,8-cineole | 973 | t | t | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||
| 2-Pentyl furan | 973 | t | t | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||
| 3-Octanol | 974 | t | 1.0 | t | t | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | ||
| β-Myrcene | 975 | 2.5 | 1.0 | t | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.1 | ||
| α-Phellandrene | 995 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| δ-3-Carene | 1000 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | t | 0.1 | t | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| α-Terpinene | 1002 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
| p-Cymene | 1003 | 8.8 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 13.5 | 9.7 | 12.2 | 10.4 | 3.0 |
| 1,8-Cineole | 1005 | 1.5 | 47.4 | 6.3 | ||||||
| β-Phellandrene | 1005 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | |||
| Limonene | 1009 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | t |
| cis-β-Ocimene | 1017 | t | t | t | t | t | t | |||
| trans-β-Ocimene | 1027 | 0.1 | t | t | 0.2 | t | 0.7 | |||
| γ-Terpinene | 1035 | 5.9 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 10.6 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 10.6 | 4.1 | 0.3 |
| trans-Sabinene hydrate | 1037 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | t | 0.1 | ||
| cis-Linalool oxide | 1045 | t | 0.9 | |||||||
| Fenchone | 1050 | 0.3 | ||||||||
| trans-Linalool oxide | 1059 | 0.8 | ||||||||
| p-Cymenene | 1059 | t | ||||||||
| 2,5-Dimethyl styrene | 1059 | t | t | 0.6 | t | |||||
| Terpinolene | 1064 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1066 | 0.1 | t | t | t | t | t | 0.2 | ||
| Linalool | 1074 | 1.1 | 0.5 | t | 1.6 | t | 0.1 | 65.5 | ||
| Oct-1-en-3-yl acetate | 1086 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | ||||||
| trans-p-2-Menthen-1-ol | 1099 | t | t | t | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||
| Camphor | 1102 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | ||||||
| trans-Pinocarveol | 1106 | t | 0.1 | |||||||
| cis-p-2-Menthen-1-ol | 1110 | t | t | |||||||
| cis-Verbenol | 1110 | t | t | t | t | |||||
| Pinocarvone | 1121 | t | ||||||||
| Nerol oxide | 1127 | t | ||||||||
| p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol∗ | 1134 | 0.9 | ||||||||
| δ-Terpineol | 1134 | 0.7 | 0.4 | |||||||
| Borneol | 1134 | 0.1 | 0.1 | t | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
| Terpinen-4-ol | 1148 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
| p-Cymen-8-ol | 1148 | t | 0.3 | |||||||
| Myrtenal | 1153 | t | ||||||||
| cis-Dihydrocarvone | 1159 | t | ||||||||
| α-Terpineol | 1159 | 0.1 | 9.5 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 35.8 | 43.5 | 6.9 |
| Methyl chavicol | 1163 | t | ||||||||
| Myrtenol | 1168 | t | ||||||||
| trans-Carveol | 1189 | 0.1 | t | t | ||||||
| Bornyl formate | 1199 | 0.1 | t | t | t | 0.1 | ||||
| Nerol | 1206 | 0.8 | ||||||||
| Citronellol | 1207 | 0.1 | ||||||||
| Carvone | 1210 | 0.1 | t | |||||||
| Thymol methyl ether | 1210 | t | ||||||||
| Neral | 1210 | 0.2 | ||||||||
| Carvacrol methyl ether | 1224 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | t | 0.2 | 0.4 | |||
| Geraniol | 1236 | t | 32.8 | |||||||
| Geranial | 1240 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |||||||
| trans-Anethole | 1254 | t | ||||||||
| Thymol formate | 1262 | 0.1 | t | |||||||
| Bornyl acetate | 1265 | t | t | t | t | 1.2 | 0.6 | |||
| Thymol | 1275 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 10.3 | 12.0 | 42.2 | 13.7 | t | 0.3 | |
| Carvacrol | 1286 | 71.4 | 50.5 | 45.5 | 12.4 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |
| Thymyl acetate | 1330 | 2.4 | t | 15.2 | ||||||
| δ-Elemene | 1332 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | ||||||
| α-Terpenyl acetate | 1334 | 0.4 | ||||||||
| Carvacryl acetate | 1348 | 0.1 | 5.9 | 12.3 | 0.7 | |||||
| Geranyl acetate | 1370 | 4.3 | 0.2 | |||||||
| α-Copaene | 1375 | t | t | 0.1 | ||||||
| β-Bourbonene | 1379 | 0.3 | t | t | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | |||
| β-Elemene | 1388 | 0.1 | t | 0.1 | 0.3 | t | ||||
| α-Gurjunene | 1400 | t | t | |||||||
| β-Caryophyllene | 1414 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.2 | t | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.7 |
| β-Copaene | 1426 | t | t | t | 0.1 | |||||
| trans-α-Bergamotene | 1434 | t | ||||||||
| cis-Muurola-3,5-diene∗ | 1445 | 0.1 | ||||||||
| α-Humulene | 1447 | 0.1 | t | t | t | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
| allo-Aromadendrene | 1456 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | t | 0.3 | 0.6 | t | ||
| γ-Muurolene | 1469 | 0.1 | t | 0.1 | t | 0.1 | ||||
| Germacrene-D | 1474 | t | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.1 | |||
| γ-Humulene | 1477 | t | t | |||||||
| Eremophilene∗ | 1480 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Bicyclogermacrene | 1487 | 0.1 | 0.7 | |||||||
| Viridiflorene | 1487 | t | 0.5 | |||||||
| trans-Dihydroagarofuran | 1489 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | ||||
| α-Muurolene | 1494 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | ||||
| β-Bisabolene | 1500 | 0.2 | 0.6 | |||||||
| γ-Cadinene | 1500 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.2 | t | 1.3 | 2.9 | |||
| trans-Calamenene | 1505 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||||
| δ-Cadinene | 1505 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | t | 0.3 | 0.1 | |||
| Kessane∗ | 1517 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.6 | ||||
| α-Calacorene | 1525 | t | t | t | t | |||||
| α-Cadinene | 1529 | 0.1 | 0.1 | t | 0.1 | 0.9 | ||||
| Elemol | 1530 | 0.1 | t | t | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | ||
| trans-α-Bisabolene | 1536 | 0.2 | ||||||||
| Geranyl butyrate | 1544 | 0.1 | t | |||||||
| Spathulenol | 1551 | t | t | t | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | ||
| β-Caryophyllene oxide | 1561 | 0.1 | t | t | t | t | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||
| Globulol | 1566 | t | t | 0.8 | ||||||
| Geraniol 2-methyl butyrate | 1586 | t | ||||||||
| 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol | 1593 | t | ||||||||
| epi-Cubenol | 1600 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | ||||
| γ-Eudesmol | 1609 | 0.1 | 0.1 | t | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | |||
| τ-Cadinol | 1616 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 2.5 | t | 4.8 | 6.7 | 0.8 | ||
| α-Muurolol | 1618 | 0.1 | 0.1 | t | 0.3 | 0.6 | ||||
| β-Eudesmol | 1620 | 0.1 | 0.1 | t | t | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | ||
| Intermedeol | 1626 | t | 3.4 | |||||||
| α-Eudesmol | 1634 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.4 | ||||
| α-Bisabolol | 1656 | t | ||||||||
| Rosadiene∗ | 1993 | 0.1 | ||||||||
| Abietatriene | 2027 | t | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| % identification | 99.9 | 96.1 | 99.0 | 99.8 | 98.7 | 99.1 | 97.7 | 94.6 | 98.7 | |
|
| ||||||||||
| Grouped components | ||||||||||
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 22.6 | 13.8 | 17.0 | 24.5 | 24.9 | 29.4 | 39.5 | 23.9 | 7.5 | |
| Oxygen-containing monoterpenes | 74.6 | 68.2 | 76.0 | 69.2 | 64.4 | 68.7 | 41.6 | 47.6 | 82.8 | |
| Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 2.1 | 4.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 7.9 | 2.9 | |
| Oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes | 0.1 | 9.7 | 3.3 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 9.9 | 14.1 | 5.1 | ||
| Diterpenes | 0.1 | |||||||||
| Phenylpropanoids | t | |||||||||
| Others | 0.4 | 0.2 | t | 3.3 | 0.6 | t | 2.2 | 1.1 | 0.4 | |
All components were identified based on a lab-made library created with reference essential oils, laboratory-synthesized components, laboratory isolated compounds, and commercial available standards. RI: in-lab obtained retention index relative to C9–C21 n-alkanes on the DB-1 column; t: traces (<0.05%). ∗Tentative identification based only on mass spectra.