Table 2. Univariable associations between cardiovascular risk factors measured at baseline and follow up and AMD in 5344 men and women.
| Baseline (1993–1997) | Follow up (2006–2011) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMD | No AMD | p-value* | AMD | No AMD | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 57.7 (7.7) | 54. (7.2) | <0.01 | 71.10 (7.7) | 66.91 (7.5) | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.89 (3.64) | 25.75 (3.7) | 0.38 | 26.88 (4.10) | 26.81 (4.36) | 0.66 |
| WHR | 0.83 (0.09) | 0.84 (0.09) | 0.37 | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.82 |
| Weight | 71.86 (12.1) | 72.87 (12.8) | 0.06 | 73.14 (13.4) | 74.66 (14.2) | <0.01 |
| Systolic Blood pressure (mmHg) | 132.13 (16.9) | 130.60 (16.4) | 0.03 | 137.66 (17.3) | 135.46 (16.6) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic Blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.85 (10.5) | 80.93 (10.8) | 0.85 | 78.31 (9.07) | 78.58 (9.30) | 0.49 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.49 (0.42) | 1.44 (0.42) | <0.01 | 1.58 (0.43) | 1.50 (0.41) | <0.01 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.84 (1.03) | 3.82 (0.98) | 0.53 | 3.14 (0.99) | 3.23 (1.00) | 0.04 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.06 (1.13) | 5.99 (1.08) | 0.19 | 5.38 (1.12) | 5.45 (1.14) | 0.18 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.62 (0.94) | 1.67 (1.02) | 0.28 | 1.70 (0.93) | 1.69 (0.92) | <0.01 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||
| ≤1.0 | 191 (41.0) | 1617 (48.7) | 103 (17.8) | 721 (18.0) | ||
| 1.1–3.0 | 174 (37.3) | 1100 (33.1) | 284 (49.0) | 2199 (54.8) | ||
| 3.0–10.0 | 85 (18.2) | 520 (15.7) | 165 (28.4) | 917 (22.8) | ||
| ≥10 | 16 (3.4) | 83 (2.5) | 28 (4.8) | 175 (4.4) | ||
| Physical Activity | 0.80 | <0.01 | ||||
| Inactive | 153 (22.7) | 984 (21.1) | 273 (41.2) | 1584 (34.4) | ||
| Moderately inactive | 198 (29.4) | 1419 (30.4) | 189 (28.5) | 1401 (30.4) | ||
| Moderately active | 175 (26.0) | 1235 (26.4) | 112 (16.9) | 849 (18.4) | ||
| Active | 147 (21.8) | 1033 (22.1) | 89 (13.4) | 777 (16.8) | ||
| Smoking | 0.17 | 0.32 | ||||
| Current | 45 (6.7) | 413 (8.9) | 21 (3.2) | 204 (4.4) | ||
| Former | 262 (39.1) | 1751 (37.6) | 298 (45.0) | 2058 (44.6) | ||
| Never | 363 (54.2) | 2488 (53.5) | 344 (51.9) | 2349 (51.0) | ||
| Sex | 0.009 | |||||
| Male | 259 (38.5) | 2046 (43.8) | ||||
| Female | 414 (61.5) | 2625 (56.2) | ||||
| Social Class | 0.94 | |||||
| Non-manual | 439 (65.8) | 3050 (66.0) | ||||
| Manual | 228 (34.2) | 1573 (34.0) | ||||
| Education | 0.08 | |||||
| Less than O level | 196 (29.1) | 1143 (24.5) | ||||
| O Level | 80 (11.9) | 580 (12.4) | ||||
| A Level | 282 (41.9) | 2111 (45.2) | ||||
| Degree | 115 (17.1) | 836 (17.9) | ||||
| Total | ||||||
AMD = age-related macular degeneration, BMI = Body mass Index, HDL = high density lipoprotein, LDL = low density lipoprotein, CRP = C = reactive protein
*p-value from t-test or χ2 test for association between risk factor and AMD
Data presented as n(%) for categorical variables, and mean (SD) for continuous variables.