Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study sample
| N = 422 | % | Unadjusted data | Propensity score model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females (N = 213) % (n) | Males (N = 209) % (n) | Effect size* | Females | Males | Effect size* | |||
| Age group | ||||||||
| < 21 years | 40 | 9.5 | 5.6 (12) | 13.4 (28) | 0.27 | 8.6 | 9.2 | 0.02 |
| 21–25 | 95 | 22.5 | 16.9 (36) | 28.2 (59) | 0.27 | 23.9 | 22.0 | 0.05 |
| 26–30 | 145 | 34.4 | 39.9 (85) | 28.7 (60) | 0.24 | 38.5 | 34.3 | 0.09 |
| 31+ | 142 | 33.6 | 37.6 (80) | 29.7 (62) | 0.17 | 29.0 | 34.5 | 0.12 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Secondary or less | 53 | 12.9 | 8.6 (18) | 17.4 (35) | 0.27 | 15.9 | 13.3 | 0.07 |
| High school | 244 | 59.5 | 61.7 (129) | 57.2 (115) | 0.09 | 54.3 | 55.9 | 0.03 |
| More than high school | 113 | 27.6 | 29.7 (62) | 25.4 (51) | 0.10 | 27.9 | 26.9 | 0.01 |
| Country of citizenship | ||||||||
| Kazakhstan | 153 | 36.3 | 38.2 (81) | 34.4 (72) | 0.08 | 40.0 | 36.9 | 0.06 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 120 | 28.5 | 30.7 (65) | 26.3 (55) | 0.10 | 28.7 | 31.0 | 0.05 |
| Uzbekistan | 97 | 23.0 | 27.8 (59) | 18.2 (38) | 0.23 | 22.0 | 19.6 | 0.06 |
| Other | 51 | 12.1 | 3.3 (7) | 21.1 (44) | 0.59 | 8.8 | 12.5 | 0.12 |
| Type of residence | ||||||||
| Own apartment | 26 | 6.2 | 5.2 (11) | 7.2 (15) | 0.08 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 0.02 |
| Family home/apartment | 32 | 7.7 | 6.2 (13) | 9.2 (19) | 0.11 | 6.5 | 8.9 | 0.09 |
| Partner’s home/apartment | 12 | 2.9 | 2.9 (6) | 2.9 (6) | 0.00 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 0.04 |
| Someone else’s home/apartment | 316 | 75.8 | 72.9 (153) | 78.7 (163) | 0.14 | 72.0 | 75.4 | 0.08 |
| Other | 31 | 7.4 | 12.9 (27) | 1.9 (4) | 0.46 | 7.6 | 3.4 | 0.19 |
| Spouse or girlfriend/boyfriend lives with participant | ||||||||
| Yes | 238 | 56.7 | 61.6 (130) | 51.7 (108) | 0.20 | 53.0 | 57.9 | 0.10 |
| No | 182 | 43.3 | 38.4 (81) | 48.3 (101) | – | 47.0 | 42.1 | – |
| Owner is primary responsibility at stall | ||||||||
| Yes | 37 | 8.8 | 6.6 (14) | 11.1 (23) | 0.16 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 0.01 |
| No | 383 | 91.2 | 93.4 (199) | 88.9 (184) | – | 89.7 | 89.4 | – |
| Travel in past year to purchase goods to sell at market | ||||||||
| Yes | 153 | 36.4 | 39.2 (83) | 33.7 (70) | 0.11 | 42.0 | 40.3 | 0.03 |
| No | 267 | 63.6 | 60.8 (129) | 66.3 (138) | – | 58.0 | 59.7 | – |
| Travel out of Almaty to visit family/friends in past year | ||||||||
| 3+ times | 200 | 48.1 | 55.0 (116) | 41.0 (84) | 0.28 | 54.4 | 47.9 | 0.13 |
| <3 times | 216 | 51.9 | 45.0 (95) | 59.0 (121) | – | 45.6 | 52.1 | |
| Length of time in job at market | ||||||||
| ≤1 year | 33 | 7.8 | 6.6 (14) | 9.1 (19) | 0.09 | 5.8 | 7.1 | 0.05 |
| >1 & ≤3 years | 183 | 43.5 | 45.5 (97) | 41.3 (86) | 0.08 | 42.2 | 45.1 | 0.06 |
| >3 years | 205 | 48.7 | 47.9 (102) | 49.5(103) | 0.03 | 52.1 | 47.8 | 0.09 |
* Standardized difference of proportions