Figure 1.

Global ischemia protocol. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced as previously described (Mader et al., 2010) with a transthoracic current (100 mA at 60 Hz) and was untreated for 12 min. VF lasted for 4 min before complete electrical failure was reached (green bar) at which point circulation stopped completely (yellow bar) and finally metabolic failure is reached at ~10 min. (pink bar). Resuscitation efforts began 12 min after induction of VF, initially with manual chest compressions (MCC) and infusion of epinephrine (drug, 0.1 mg/kg). At minute 15 we attempted to restart circulation electrically (RS₁) and at 18 min. If spontaneous circulation returned (ROSC) it was maintained for 2 h and then the animals were sacrificed and cardiac muscle samples taken from the left ventricle (Ischemia + 2 h reperfusion). If ROSC was not restored then after 20 min cardiac muscle samples were taken from the LV (Ischemia + failed resuscitation). Control animals were prepared identically but did not receive the ischemia protocol (Control). ^ Indicates when a drug was administered.