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PIP peptides 250 and 640 enhance the uptake of human insulin from the intestinal lumen of non-diabetic rats without induction of apoptosis pathway activation. Caspase-3 enzyme activity in intestinal tissues isolated 45 min after ILI injection of PIP peptides at the designated concentration. Hygromycin (150 μg/mL) was administered by ILI injection to serve as a positive control for the induction of caspase-3. Data are means ± SD for n = 3 for each treatment group * p < 0.05.
