. 2015 Aug;105(8):1681–1688. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302613

TABLE 3—

Percentages of Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) Births, by Race and State-Level Indicators of Racial and Socioeconomic Inequality: Consortium on Safe Labor (CSL) Study, United States, 2002–2008

Variable	SGA Births Among All Women, %	SGA Births Among Black Women, %	SGA Births Among White Women, %
Race
Black	15.6	. . .	. . .
White	9.6	. . .	. . .
Structural racism (state level)
High educational inequality^a	13.4	16.1	11.1
Low educational inequality	11.0	15.1	8.6
High employment inequality^b	12.7	15.9	10.5
Low employment inequality	11.4	15.3	8.6
High incarceration inequality	12.4	15.7	10.7
Low incarceration inequality^c	11.3	15.5	8.3
Income inequality (state level)
Low	11.1	16.1	8.5
Medium	11.7	15.3	8.4
High	13.4	15.4	12.0
Low income inequality
High educational inequality	12.1	16.9	8.9
Low educational inequality	10.8	15.9	8.5
High employment inequality	12.5	16.5	9.5
Low employment inequality	10.4	15.9	8.2
High incarceration inequality	11.3	16.5	8.0
Low incarceration inequality	11.0	16.1	8.6
Medium income inequality
High educational inequality	12.4	15.6	8.9
Low educational inequality	10.8	14.8	7.7
High employment inequality	11.1	15.3	8.2
Low employment inequality	12.6	15.3	8.6
High incarceration inequality	10.8	15.3	8.4
Low incarceration inequality	13.9	15.4	8.5
High income inequality
High educational inequality	15.0	16.3	13.9
Low educational inequality	11.7	14.2	9.7
High employment inequality	14.0	16.0	12.7
Low employment inequality	12.4	14.5	10.1
High incarceration inequality	14.1	16.0	13.0
Low incarceration inequality	11.7	14.5	6.1

Note. All differences in rates of SGA birth (among all women) across the race and income inequality predictors were significant at P < .001. CSL states were California, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Texas, and Utah. The sample size was n = 121 758.

^{^a}

High educational inequality refers to values below the median ratio across CSL Study states of Blacks to Whites who attained a bachelor’s degree or higher.

^{^b}

High employment inequality refers to values below the median ratio across CSL Study states of Blacks to Whites who were employed.

^{^c}

High incarceration inequality refers to values above the median ratio across CSL states of Blacks to Whites who were incarcerated.