TABLE 3—

Association Between Beverage Type and Hydration Status Among Children Aged 6–19 Years: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2009–2012

			Mean Urine Osmolality per Serving, mOsm/kg				Inadequate Hydration per 8-fl-oz Serving
Beverage	No. Consuming Any Amount (Weighted %)	Mean Intake, 8-fl-oz Servings (SE)	Crude Difference (95% CI)	P	Adjusted Difference (95% CI)	P	Crude OR (95% CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P
Plain water	3132 (77.6)		−7.4 (−11.8, −3.0)	.002	−8.0 (−11.7, −4.2)	< .001	0.96 (0.94, 0.98)	.001	0.96 (0.93, 0.98)	< .001
Sugar-sweetened beverages	3040 (71.5)	2.0 (0.1)	−6.1 (−11.8, −0.3)	.04	−10.0 (−16.5, −3.5)	.004	0.98 (0.94, 1.02)	.36	0.95 (0.90, 1.01)	.09
Milk	2611 (65.9)	1.1 (0.04)	3.8 (−7.2, 14.8)	.49	−4.5 (−15.4, 6.5)	.41	1.02 (0.94, 1.10)	.69	0.97 (0.90, 1.05)	.44
100% juice	1219 (26.1)	0.3 (0.02)	−5.7 (−35.6, 24.1)	.7	−13.7 (−40.4, 12.9)	.3	1.01 (0.89, 1.15)	.9	0.96 (0.84, 1.10)	.57
Diet beverages	254 (9.1)	0.2 (0.02)	−25.1 (−54.3, 4.2)	.09	−22.0 (−52.1, 8.1)	.15	0.90 (0.75, 1.07)	.22	0.92 (0.77, 1.10)	.34
Coffee or tea (unsweetened)	301 (7.0)	0.1 (0.01)	−22.3 (−49.0, 4.4)	.1	−14.1 (−38.2, 10.0)	.24	0.90 (0.76, 1.06)	.2	0.94 (0.78, 1.13)	.48
Moisture from food, g	4134 (100)	399.3 (9.0)	−0.02 (−0.06, 0.03)	.44	−0.02 (−0.07, 0.03)	.32	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	.4	1.00 (0.99, 1.00)	.29

Note. CI = confidence interval; OR =odds ratio. Adjusted models are adjusted simultaneously for all other beverages and moisture from food, as well as for age, gender, race/ethnicity, poverty-to-income ratio, body mass index, time of day of examination, and the complex survey design. Crude models adjust for the complex survey design only. The sample size was n = 4134.