TABLE 1.

Selected HIV Prevention Interventions Included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions Project

Intervention	Study Population	Description	Main Outcomes
d-up!47	Black MSM	Community-level intervention for Black MSM that is designed to change social norms by enlisting popular opinion leaders. The opinion leaders are trained to change risky sexual norms and endorse risk reduction in conversations with their friends and acquaintances.	Decreased unprotected anal intercourse.
	100% enrolled were Black		Decreased number of unprotected sexual partners.
Focus on Youth + ImPACT48,49	At-risk Black youths (aged 13–16 y) from low-income neighborhoods	Small-group and parent–child-dyad intervention designed to reduce substance and sexual risk behaviors of high-risk youths. The intervention emphasizes decision-making, goal setting, communication, negotiation, and consensual relationships. Includes a single session delivered individually to each youth and his or her parent or guardian that emphasizes parental monitoring and communication and includes skills-building exercises.	Among participants who were sexually active at baseline, lower rates of sexual intercourse.
	100% enrolled were Black		Among participants who were sexually active at baseline, lower rates of unprotected sex.
Healthy Relationships50	HIV-positive men and women	Small-group intervention focused on building skills and self-efficacy to make informed and safe decisions about risk disclosure and behavior. Activities included feedback reports, discussion sessions, role-playing, and movie-quality video clips to teach and practice decision-making and problem-solving skills.	Decreased unprotected anal and vaginal intercourse among all participants.
	74% enrolled were Black		Decreased unprotected anal and vaginal intercourse with non–HIV-seropositive partners.
Promise51	At-risk youths	Community-level intervention focused on risk reduction through distribution of role model stories and prevention materials. Activities included collecting information about HIV risk behavior in the community, creating role model stories based on personal accounts of community members, and recruiting and training peer advocates to distribute role model stories and prevention materials.	Increased condom use with main sexual partners.
	Injection drug users and female sex partners
			Increased condom use with nonmain sexual partners.
	Female commercial sex workers
	Men who have sex with men
	Residents of areas with high STD prevalence
	54% enrolled were Black
RAPP (Real AIDS Prevention Project)52	At-risk women	Community-level intervention focused on HIV risk reduction. Activities included assessing community knowledge of HIV, using peer networkers for community outreach, engaging in individual-level safer-sex discussions, and engaging in small-group gatherings to promote HIV risk reduction.	Increased condom use during vaginal sex with main partner.
	73% enrolled were Black
Project RESPECT (Brief Counseling Intervention)53	At-risk men and women at STD clinics	Two-session individual-level intervention that provided client-centered HIV prevention counseling in conjunction with HIV testing. Focused on identification of personal risk factors, barriers to change, and development of an achievable personalized risk reduction plan.	Decreased new sexually transmitted infections.
	59% enrolled were Black		Decreased unprotected vaginal sex.
SISTA (Sisters Informing Sisters on Topics About AIDS)54	At-risk Black women	Small-group intervention focused on preventing HIV sexual risk behavior via gender and culturally relevant activities. Activities included behavioral skills practice, group discussions, lectures, role-playing, prevention video viewing, and take-home exercises.	Increased consistent condom use.
	100% enrolled were Black
Street Smart55	Street youths (aged 11–18 y)	Small-group intervention focused on building individual skills to prevent HIV risk behavior. Activities included scripted and nonscripted role-playing, problem-solving activities, and video production.	Decreased unprotected sex among women.
	59% enrolled were Black
Voices/Voces56	Adult men and women at STD clinics	Small-group intervention focused on building individual skills to prevent HIV risk behavior. Activities included viewing culturally specific videos and facilitated group discussion.	Decreased STD incidence among men.
	62% enrolled were Black

Note. MSM = men who have sex with men; STD = sexually transmitted disease.