TABLE 4.
Effect of Culturally Informed Educational Intervention on Breast Cancer Screenings Among Hmong Women: Central and Southern California, 1999–2001
| Control Variables | Breast Self-Examination, OR (95% CI) | Clinical Breast Examination, OR (95% CI) | Mammogram, OR (95% CI) |
| Years in United States: ≥ 10 vs < 10 | 0.21 (0.02, 2.08) | 0.57 (0.10, 3.16) | 0.26 (0.04, 4.46) |
| Age, y | |||
| 0–39 | … | 0.30 (0.01, 6.94) | … |
| 40–49 | 1.28 (0.28, 5.83)a | 0.79 (0.17, 3.71) | 1.02 (0.31, 3.34) |
| 50–59 | 2.85 (0.54, 15.04) | 1.48 (0.278, 7.91) | 1.78 (0.46, 6.90) |
| Marital status | |||
| Single or widowed | 7.63 (0.26, 227.31) | 4.28 (0.18, 102.58) | 1.98 (0.13, 31.46) |
| Married | 1.80 (0.12, 27.14) | 1.34 (0.11, 16.24) | 1.78 (0.15, 21.54) |
| Language | |||
| Read Hmong | 1.10 (0.65, 1.86) | 1.05 (0.63, 1.77) | 1.36 (0.82, 2.25) |
| Speak English | 0.55 (0.22, 1.39) | 0.89 (0.35, 2.26) | 1.07 (0.46, 2.49) |
| Read English | 1.27 (0.43, 3.71) | 0.70 (0.23, 2.16) | 0.45 (0.15, 1.31) |
| Education in United States | |||
| No schooling | 4.32 (1.05, 17.71)* | 2.73 (0.63, 11.89) | 1.00 (0.23, 4.33) |
| < 2 y | 3.30 (0.68, 15.91) | 2.07 (0.44, 9.82) | 0.56 (0.12, 2.66) |
| Education in country of birth | |||
| No schooling | 3.24 (0.31, 33.75) | 0.79 (0.06, 10.84) | 2.93 (0.53, 16.13) |
| < 2 y | 1.98 (0.10, 40.25) | 0.81 (0.03, 20.94) | … |
| Medical insurance | |||
| Private or Medicare | 1.83 (0.29, 11.72) | 5.05 (0.46, 55.89) | 1.64 (0.25, 10.91) |
| Group | 20.06 (3.08, 130.79)*** | 12.16 (1.44, 102.74)* | 6.75 (1.55, 29.39)** |
Notes. OR = odds ratio; CI = Wald confidence limits.
a
Age range is 0 to 49 years.
*P ≤ .05; **P ≤ .01; ***P ≤ .001.