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. 2015 Jul 1;48(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s40659-015-0023-x

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© Yang et al. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — ESEM photographs of rice epicuticular surfaces; (a) under no NaHCO₃ stress. Bar = 10 μm. b Under 100 mM NaHCO₃ for 5 days exposure. Bar = 10 μm. Merged/enlarged silica cells (MSCs) were newly formed. c Under 100 mM NaHCO₃ stress for 7 days exposure. Bar = 50 μm. Swollen corn-shapes (S-Cs) and columns (Cs) appeared. d Magnified ESEM image of cross-section of a swollen corn-shape Under 200 mM NaHCO₃ stress for 5 days exposure. Bar = 10 μm. S-C. Cubic crystals appeared as marked arrow. The marked numbers are the spots for EDX microanalysis