Table 1. Summary of the final results of the meta-analyses conducted in the current manuscript.
Analysis | k | Mean Weighted Effect Sizes | 95% CI (low) | 95% CI (high) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex differences in the FWHR | 32 | = 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.20 |
FWHR and Perceptions of Masculinity | 12 | = .30 | .18 | .42 |
Stimuli sets of male faces | 10 | = .35 | .23 | .47 |
Stimuli sets of female faces | 2 | = -.01 | -.26 | .25 |
FWHR and Threat and Dominance Behaviour | ||||
Threat Behaviour | 31 | = .13 | .09 | .17 |
Within men | 22 | = .16 | .11 | .21 |
Within women | 9 | = .04 | -.04 | .12 |
Within Samples from North America | 9 | = .25 | .17 | .33 |
Within Samples from Other areas | 13 | = .12 | .07 | .17 |
Dominance Behaviour | 16 | = .12 | .05 | .18 |
Success in Business-Related Outcomes | 5 | = .32 | .12 | .50 |
Sports Performance | 4 | = .15 | .08 | .22 |
FWHR and Perceptions of Threat and Dominance | ||||
Perceptions of Threat | ||||
Studies using a correlational design and/or a continua of faces with un-manipulated FWHRs | 37 | = .46 | .39 | .53 |
Judgements were more strongly linked to the FWHR when faces were of younger than older individuals (k = 26, B = .40, p < .0001) | ||||
Judgements of aggression were more strongly linked to the FWHR than were other types of judgements of threat (k = 26, B = .15, p = .01) | ||||
Studies using manipulated FWHRs | 7 | = 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.53 |
Perceptions of Dominance | 7 | = .20 | .06 | .34 |
Stimuli sets of male faces only | 4 | = .30 | .19 | .40 |
Stimulus sets of or including female faces | 3 | = .06 | -.19 | .31 |
FWHR and Perceptions of Attractiveness | 14 | = -.26 | -.40 | -.10 |
The negative relationship between judgements of attractiveness and the FWHR was stronger among samples with a greater than a lesser proportion of female observers (k = 14, B = .008, p = .01) | ||||
FWHR and BMI | 22 | = .31 | .26 | .36 |
Bolded effect sizes are significant and have confidence intervals that do not overlap zero (p < .05). k = number of samples included in the analysis. = standardized mean difference, adjusted for small sample size bias. = untransformed effect size coefficient (Pearson product moment correlation). CI = confidence interval.