Table 5. First stage regressions—Determinants of attending higher-achieving schools.

	(1) Attending higher- achieving school	(2) Attending higher- achieving school	(3) Attending higher- achieving school	(4) Attending higher- achieving school
Distance to the next higher-achieving school (km)	-0.098***
	(0.021)
One if closest school higher-achieving		0.741***	0.731***	0.729***
		(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.021)
Education level mother middle			0.065	0.061
			(0.041)	(0.041)
Education level mother high			0.066	0.057
			(0.048)	(0.048)
Mother education level missing			0.159**	0.160**
			(0.074)	(0.073)
Education level father middle			0.034	0.033
			(0.039)	(0.039)
Education level father high			0.025	0.024
			(0.043)	(0.043)
Father education level missing			-0.070	-0.072
			(0.068)	(0.068)
Income 1501–2500 €			-0.004	-0.008
			(0.050)	(0.050)
Income 2501–3500 €			-0.008	-0.012
			(0.049)	(0.049)
Income 3501–4500 €			0.025	0.019
			(0.057)	(0.057)
Income above 4501			0.023	0.020
			(0.059)	(0.059)
Income information missing			-0.037	-0.043
			(0.049)	(0.049)
Test 1				0.020*
				(0.012)
Constant	0.459***	0.119***	0.057	0.065
	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.048)	(0.048)
Observations	1,112	1,112	1,112	1,112
F statistic excluded instrument(s)	21.16	1334.82	1213.09	1208.52
Adj. R-squared	0.0178	0.546	0.546	0.547

Notes: The dependent variable “Attending higher-achieving school” is defined as having an above median three year school average CITO score. The omitted education categories are “Education level mother low” and “Education level father low”. The omitted monthly household income category is “Income below €1,500”. Standard errors are in parentheses;

*** p<0.01,

** p<0.05,

* p<0.1.