Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of factors associated with pain interference during initial phase of care and pain interference at follow-up
| Baseline (n=2961) | Follow-up (n=2303) | Sub-group at follow-up*
(n=603) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| Moderate/ high N |
Row %† | p-value | New/Continued /Increasing N |
Row %† | p-value | Equivalent /increasing N |
Row %† | p-value‡ | ||
| Overall | 812 | (27.4) | 548 (23.8) | (23.8) | 276 | (45.8) | ||||
| Race | ||||||||||
| White | 523 | (25.4) | <0.001 | 380 | (22.7) | 0.021 | 189 | (46.7) | 0.243 | |
| African-American | 158 | (34.4) | 103 | (29.9) | 55 | (49.7) | ||||
| Hispanic | 86 | (32.5) | 46 | (25.0) | 23 | (39.7) | ||||
| Asian | 45 | (25.4) | 19 | (18.5) | 9 | (31.0) | ||||
| Age | ||||||||||
| ≤54 years | 272 | (35.1) | <0.001 | 162 | (27.9) | <0.001 | 77 | (39.3) | 0.010 | |
| 55 to 64 years | 244 | (32.8) | 159 | (26.9) | 97 | (54.5) | ||||
| 65 to 74 years | 153 | (19.4) | 113 | (18.0) | 49 | (39.8) | ||||
| ≥75 years | 143 | (21.8) | 114 | (22.6) | 53 | (50.0) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 395 | (24.7) | <0.001 | 270 | (21.5) | 0.004 | 128 | (44.9) | 0.689 | |
| Female | 417 | (30.7) | 278 | (26.6) | 148 | (46.5) | ||||
| Income | ||||||||||
| <$20,000 | 229 | (31.9) | <0.001 | 169 | (32.1) | <0.001 | 91 | (56.2) | 0.011 | |
| $20,000 to <$40,000 | 212 | (28.7) | 152 | (26.3) | 78 | (49.4) | ||||
| $40,000 to <$60,000 | 117 | (24.9) | 72 | (18.6) | 32 | (35.2) | ||||
| ≥$60,000 | 171 | (22.4) | 118 | (18.9) | 53 | (37.3) | ||||
| Education | ||||||||||
| Less than high school | 146 | (31.1) | <0.001 | 90 | (26.8) | <0.001 | 46 | (48.4) | 0.147 | |
| High school | 253 | (30.2) | 188 | (29.4) | 93 | (52.0) | ||||
| graduate/GED | ||||||||||
| Some college/ | 217 | (27.7) | 140 | (22.4) | 74 | (43.0) | ||||
| vocational school | ||||||||||
| College degree or | 195 | (22.8) | 130 | (18.8) | 63 | (40.4) | ||||
| higher | ||||||||||
| Stage at diagnosis | ||||||||||
| Stage I | 166 | (24.6) | 0.070 | 123 | (22.2) | 0.078 | 64 | (50.8) | 0.405 | |
| Stage II | 217 | (26.9) | 149 | (23.0) | 77 | (46.4) | ||||
| Stage III | 255 | (30.7) | 157 | (23.3) | 87 | (42.2) | ||||
| Stage IV | 115 | (27.3) | 81 | (30.0) | 33 | (50.8) | ||||
| Time since diagnosis (days)|| | 0.489 | 0.242 | 0.541 | |||||||
| Mean | 143 | 143 | 435 | 431 | ||||||
| Treatment | ||||||||||
| Neither | 319 | (23.1) | <0.001 | 221 | (21.4) | <0.001 | 106 | (49.1) | 0.242 | |
| Chemotherapy or radiation only |
304 | (26.0) | 206 | (22.8) | 96 | (41.6) | ||||
| Chemotherapy and radiation |
188 | (46.0) | 121 | (33.2) | 74 | (47.7) | ||||
| Stoma | ||||||||||
| Yes | 696 | (26.7) | 0.033 | 469 | (23.0) | 0.007 | 236 | (45.1) | 0.360 | |
| No | 113 | (32.1) | 79 | (30.6) | 40 | (50.6) | ||||
| Comorbid conditions § | ||||||||||
| No | 391 | (24.1) | <0.001 | 293 | (20.8) | <0.001 | 139 | (41.1) | 0.007 | |
| Yes, any | 417 | (31.2) | 254 | (28.6) | 137 | (52.1) | ||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||||
| No | 623 | (26.2) | 0.007 | 406 | (21.9) | <0.001 | 196 | (42.7) | 0.004 | |
| Yes | 183 | (31.8) | 141 | (31.6) | 80 | (56.3) | ||||
| Kidney disease | ||||||||||
| No | 710 | (27.0) | 0.221 | 474 | (23.1) | 0.039 | 238 | (45.2) | 0.317 | |
| Yes | 95 | (30.3) | 71 | (29.1) | 38 | (51.4) | ||||
| Crohn’s disease | ||||||||||
| No | 759 | (26.7) | <0.001 | 520 | (23.5) | 0.083 | 257 | (45.4) | 0.397 | |
| Yes | 37 | (43.5) | 21 | (32.8) | 15 | (53.6) | ||||
| Pulmonary disease | ||||||||||
| No | 660 | (25.4) | <0.001 | 443 | (22.0) | <0.001 | 211 | (43.3) | 0.021 | |
| Yes | 142 | (41.2) | 100 | (36.6) | 61 | (55.5) | ||||
| Heart failure | ||||||||||
| No | 757 | (26.9) | 0.035 | 503 | (22.9) | <0.001 | 251 | (44.4) | 0.001 | |
| Yes | 45 | (35.4) | 43 | (45.7) | 24 | (75.0) | ||||
| Heart attack | ||||||||||
| No | 713 | (26.7) | 0.014 | 479 | (23.1) | 0.014 | 242 | (45.2) | 0.278 | |
| Yes | 90 | (33.7) | 64 | (30.6) | 32 | (52.5) | ||||
| Stroke | ||||||||||
| No | 731 | (26.8) | 0.010 | 489 | (23.0) | 0.003 | 239 | (44.4) | 0.023 | |
| Yes | 76 | (34.9) | 33.1 | (33.1) | 37 | (59.7) | ||||
| Depression | ||||||||||
| No | 582 | (24.4) | <0.001 | 398 | (21.5) | <0.001 | 183 | (42.9) | 0.018 | |
| Yes | 222 | (39.5) | 148 | (33.1) | 92 | (53.5) | ||||
| Pain medication use | ||||||||||
| Yes | 451 | (58.0) | <0.001 | 336 | (55.8) | <0.001 | 194 | (71.4) | <0.001 | |
| No | 361 | (16.6) | 212 | (12.5) | 81 | (24.6) | ||||
Percentages reflect the percentage of participants within each row reporting moderate/high PI, new,equivalent/increasing pain. For example, during initial phase of care 25% of White patients reported moderate/high pain interference and 34% of African American patients reported moderate/high pain interference.
p-value for X2 difference test between minimal pain interference at diagnosis vs. moderate/high interference
p-value for X2 difference test between decreased pain interference at follow-up vs. equivalent/increasing pain interference at follow-up
Analysis of variance with adjustment for multiple comparisons (Tukey-Kramer)