Table 2.
Model of Goal Directed Vegetable Parenting Practices scales and subscales
| Scale | Subscale | Mean | sd | Range | Cronbach’s α | Number of items | Correlation with EVPP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EVPP | Effective vegetable parenting practices | 23·00 | 3·61 | 15–34 | 0·69 | 14 | – |
| Intentions | Authoritative parenting intentions | 17·50 | 1·31 | 11–18 | 0·83 | 6 | −0·14* |
| Active child involvement intentions | 16·05 | 2·41 | 6–18 | 0·84 | 6 | −0·33*** | |
| Controlling parenting intentions | 9·54 | 2·59 | 5–15 | 0·71 | 5 | −0·01 | |
| Permissive parenting intentions | 3·66 | 1·28 | 2–6 | 0·61 | 2 | 0·01 | |
| Desire | Intrinsic motivation | 9·01 | 2·27 | 4–12 | 0·78 | 4 | 0·23*** |
| Perceived barriers | Child doesn’t like vegetables | 14·69 | 4·88 | 8–24 | 0·88 | 8 | −0·35*** |
| Respondent doesn’t like vegetables | 11·14 | 3·30 | 9–26 | 0·85 | 9 | 0·39*** | |
| Cost of vegetables | 7·53 | 2·34 | 5–15 | 0·67 | 5 | 0·32*** | |
| Autonomy | Choice | 7·92 | 1·06 | 4–9 | 0·31 | 3 | −0·23*** |
| Relatedness | Parent values | 7·72 | 2·16 | 4–12 | 0·81 | 4 | −0·13* |
| Child wellness | 8·26 | 1·15 | 3–9 | 0·61 | 3 | −0·08 | |
| Competence/self-efficacy | Strong competence/self-efficacy | 19·27 | 3·87 | 8–24 | 0·85 | 8 | −0·38*** |
| Weak competence/self-efficacy | 27·99 | 2·50 | 19–30 | 0·76 | 10 | −0·28*** | |
| Habit | Active child involvement in vegetable selection | 10·98 | 3·04 | 6–18 | 0·83 | 6 | 0·60*** |
| Controlling vegetable practices | 11·80 | 2·13 | 5–15 | 0·68 | 5 | 0·11 | |
| Positive vegetable environment | 3·59 | 0·95 | 3–8 | 0·67 | 3 | 0·44*** | |
| Positive vegetable communications | 6·92 | 1·74 | 5–13 | 0·60 | 5 | 0·44*** | |
| Anticipated emotions | Negative child behaviour with positive emotional response | 9·69 | 2·84 | 8–23 | 0·92 | 8 | −0·08 |
| Positive child behaviour with negative emotional response | 4·82 | 1·50 | 4–11 | 0·83 | 4 | 0·02 | |
| Negative child behaviour with negative emotional response | 17·90 | 3·87 | 8–24 | 0·79 | 8 | 0·13* | |
| Positive child behaviour with positive emotional response | 11·38 | 1·17 | 4–12 | 0·66 | 4 | −0·05 | |
| Perceived behavioural control | Control of positive influences on vegetable consumption | 34·46 | 4·37 | 17–39 | 0·85 | 13 | −0·37*** |
| Control of negative influences on vegetable consumption | 16·93 | 4·29 | 11–32 | 0·82 | 11 | 0·05 | |
| Control of negative parenting practices | 7·55 | 1·80 | 4–12 | 0·54 | 4 | −0·06 | |
| Attitudes | Health benefits of vegetables | 16·14 | 2·03 | 9–18 | 0·72 | 6 | −0·08 |
| Negative effects of vegetables | 7·42 | 1·73 | 6–15 | 0·66 | 6 | 0·08 | |
| Benefits of vegetables other than health | 11·58 | 0·94 | 7–12 | 0·66 | 4 | −0·07 | |
| Norms | Descriptive norms | 3·86 | 0·83 | 2–6 | 0·13 | 3 | −0·10 |
| Normative expectations | 11·86 | 5·17 | 1–18 | 0·71 | 2 | −0·08 |
EVPP, effective vegetable parenting practices.
*P<0·05, ***P<0·001.