Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Characteristic | RR (n=23) | RW/WW (n=32) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 52 (10) | 52 (9.9) | 0.997 |
| Female, n (%) | 15 (65) | 16 (50) | 0.29 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.8 (25.9, 33.2) | 26.2 (24.2, 30.7) | 0.14 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l | 5.51 (0.47) | 5.42 (0.56) | 0.56 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/l | 96.54 (61.81, 120.84) | 71.14 (47.2, 100.00) | 0.17 |
| Loge HOMA-IR | 1.13 (0.78, 1.47) | 0.89 (0.48, 1.30) | 0.15 |
| Fasting proinsulin, pmol/l | 9.7 (6.9, 13.2) | 9.3 (5.9, 14.6) | 0.79 |
| Fasting C-peptide, nmol/l | 0.460 (0.373, 0.603) | 0.496 (0.293, 0.736) | 0.66 |
| Fasting proinsulin:insulin | 0.79 (0.59, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.74, 1.28) | 0.08 |
| Fasting C-peptide:insulin, nmol/pmol | 0.11 (0.08, 0.13) | 0.14 (0.11, 0.18) | 0.03 |
| Insulin AUC5min, pmol/l × min | 1,583.46 (1,150.79, 1,934.88) | 940.35 (654.91, 1,362.91) | 0.006 |
| Insulin AUC10min, pmol/l × min | 3,816.97 (2,639.79, 4,359.38) | 2,282.13 (1,783.48, 3,229.43) | 0.01 |
| Proinsulin:insulin5min | 0.22 (0.18 to 0.29) | 0.30 (0.23 to 0.42) | 0.02 |
| Proinsulin:insulin10min | 0.40 (0.30 to 0.48) | 0.47 (0.42 to 0.67) | 0.006 |
| C-peptide5min, nmol/l | 1.442 (0.932, 1.648) | 1.192 (0.912, 1.605) | 0.44 |
| C-peptide10min, nmol/l | 1.245 (0.819, 1.462) | 1.136 (0.756, 1.598) | 0.96 |
| C-peptide:insulin5min, nmol/pmol | 0.054 (0.045, 0.067) | 0.066 (0.057, 0.086) | 0.009 |
| C-peptide:insulin10min, nmol/pmol | 0.079 (0.062, 0.10) | 0.097 (0.093, 0.15) | 0.004 |
| Serum zinc, μmol/l | 10.6 (9.6, 12.1) | 10.7 (9.6, 11.3) | 0.60 |
Median (p25, p75) BMI, insulin, ln HOMA-IR, proinsulin, C-peptide, proinsulin:insulin, C-peptide:insulin and zinc shown; mean (SD) glucose shown
Medians compared using Kruskal–Wallis tests, means compared using analysis of variance, and proportions compared using Fisher's exact test