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. 2015 Jul 17;10(7):e0133417. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133417

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© 2015 Chung et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Fig 2 — A, Assay set-up for urinary marker detection. B, μNMR signals using MNPs with different sizes. * = p < 0.02, ** = p < 0.001, ns = not significant. Detection sensitivity measurements using serial dilutions of recombinant KIM-1(C) and Cystatin C (D) in buffer solution. Inset in C shows data points in low ranges of KIM-1. ΔR2 = R2 (sandwich)—R2 (bead only). E,F, Detection of KIM-1 (E) and Cystatin C (F) in 100% and 20% urine, respectively. The urine used was from a healthy patient (no. 20) with ranges of KIM-1 and Cystatin C that were not detectable. Note that all the clinical samples (in Fig 3) were analyzed based on the same dilution factors.