Table 1.
Anti-inflammatory neuropeptides: expression and functionsa
| Neuropeptide sequenceb | Peptide familyc | Main source d | Immune sourcee | Main actionsf | Receptor type | Receptor in immune cells g |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VIP | ||||||
| HSDAVFTDNYT RLRKQMAVKKY LNSILN-NH2 | PACAP secretin glucagon GHRH | Gl, CNS, heart, lung, thyroids, kidney, genital | CD4 Th2, CD8, PMN, Mast cells | vasodilatation, ↑cardiac output, bronchodilation, hyperglycemia, smooth muscle relaxation, ↑growth, hormonal regulation, analgesia, hypertermia, neurotrophic effects, learning and behaviour, bone metabolism, Gl secretion, gastric motility | VPAC1 VPAC2 PAC1 | T,Mφ,Mo,DC,PMN T,Mφ (after activation) Mφ,Mo |
| αMSH | ||||||
| SYSMEHFRWG KPV-NH2 | POMC ACTH | CNS, pituitary, skin | T, Mo, DC | skin-darkening effects, learning, attention and memory, motor effects, ↓food intake | MC1R MC3R MC5R | T,Mφ,Mo,DC,PMN,NK, B Mφ,Mo |
| Urocortin | ||||||
| DNPSLSIDLTFHLLRTL LELADTQSQRERAQN RIIFDSV-NH2 | CRH urotensin | CNS, pituitary, Gl, testis, heart, skin, kidney | T, B, Mφ, Mo, Mast cells | vasodilatation, bronchodilatation, ↑cardiac output, smooth muscle relaxation, ↓food intake, ↑ACTH secretion | CRFR2 | T,Mφ,Mo,DC,PMN |
| Adrenomedullin | ||||||
| YRQSMNNFQGLRFG [CRFGTC]TVQKLAHQ IYQFTDKDKDNVAP RNKISPQGY-NH2 | calcitonin CGRP amylin | adrenal, CNS, all peripheral tissues with the exception of thyroid | Mφ, Mo | vasodilatation, bronchodilatation, ↑cardiac output, smooth muscle relaxation, | CRLR-RAMP2/3 | T,Mφ,Mo,DC |
| Cortistatin | ||||||
| DRMP[CKNFFWKTFSSC] K-NH2 | SOM | CNS, kidney, stomach | T, Mo, Mφ | ↓locomotor activity, ↑slow-wave sleep, ↓growth hormone, ↓cell proliferation | Sst1-5 5HSR | T,Mφ,Mo,DC T,Mφ,Mo |
| Ghrelin | ||||||
| GSSFLSPEHQR VQQRKESKKPP AKLPQR-NH2 | motilin | CNS, Gl, stomach, pancreas | Mo, Mφ | ↑cardiac output, ↑appetite and adiposity, ↑growth hormone, vasodilatation, ↑GI secretion, ↑gastric motility | GHSR | T,Mφ,Mo,DC |
abbreviations: calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP; proopiomelanocortin, POMC; adrenocorticotropin, ACTH; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, PACAP; growth hormone-releasing hormone, GHRH; corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH; somatostatin, SOM; central nervous system, CNS; gastrointestinal tract, Gl; T cells, T; macrophage, Mφ; Monocyte, Mo; dendritic cell, DC; polymorphonuclear cell, PMN; B cells, B; melanocortin receptors, MCR; somatostatin receptors 1–5, sst1–5; ghrelin receptor, GHSR; calcitonin-related ligand receptor, CRLR; CRH receptor CRFR; VIP/PACAP receptor, VPAC; receptor-activity-modifying proteins, RAMP; growth hormone-secretagogue receptor, GHSR.
Aminoacid sequences correspond to human peptides. Disulphite bridges between cysteins on adrenomedullin and cortistatin sequences are shown in parenthesis.
Family of peptides showing some homology in sequence/structure with the referenced neuropeptides.
Tissues and organs producing significant levels of the different neuropeptides.
lmmune cells that produce anti-inflammatory neuropeptides.
Major physiological roles of the neuropeptides in different tissues/organs of the body. ↓, indicates inhibition, ↑, indicates stimulation.
lmmune cells expressing the different neuropeptide receptor subtypes.