Table 4.
Multivariate Adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) for Hearing Impairment
| Hearing Impairment | Bilateral Hearing Impairment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age | ||||
| 18–44 years | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 45–64 years | 4.84 | 3.83, 6.12 | 6.97 | 4.92, 9.89 |
| 65+years | 18.52 | 12.40, 27.68 | 27.14 | 17.32, 42.52 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Male | 1.66 | 1.33, 2.07 | 1.73 | 1.32, 2.25 |
| Hispanic/Latino Background | ||||
| Dominican | 1.42 | 0.84, 2.41 | 1.19 | 0.73, 1.94 |
| Central American | 1.02 | 0.70, 1.49 | 1.17 | 0.75, 1.81 |
| Cuban | 1.03 | 0.67, 1.57 | 0.92 | 0.57, 1.49 |
| Mexican | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Puerto Rican | 1.57 | 1.10, 2.25 | 1.38 | 0.94, 2.03 |
| South American | 1.01 | 0.68, 1.51 | 0.85 | 0.50, 1.44 |
| Other or mixed | 0.76 | 0.45, 1.29 | 0.69 | 0.38, 1.27 |
| Education | ||||
| No High school diploma or GED | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| At least High school diploma or GED | 0.71 | 0.59, 0.86 | 0.63 | 0.50, 0.80 |
| Income | ||||
| Less than $10,000 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| $10,001 – $20,000 | 0.83 | 0.64, 1.07 | 0.62 | 0.47, 0.83 |
| $20,001 – $40,000 | 0.74 | 0.56, 0.96 | 0.52 | 0.38, 0.71 |
| $40,001 – $75,000 | 0.58 | 0.42, 0.80 | 0.59 | 0.39, 0.87 |
| More than $75,000 | 0.58 | 0.36, 0.92 | 0.34 | 0.18, 0.64 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No diabetes | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Pre-diabetes | 1.37 | 1.12, 1.67 | 1.44 | 1.07, 1.94 |
| Diabetes | 1.57 | 1.27, 1.94 | 1.61 | 1.22, 2.13 |
| Body Mass Index (Kg/m2) | ||||
| Normal/Underweight (0–24.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 1.24 | 0.98, 1.56 | 1.32 | 0.98, 1.79 |
| Obese (30+) | 1.18 | 0.94, 1.49 | 1.29 | 0.92, 1.80 |
| Smoking Status | ||||
| Never | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Former | 1.16 | 0.95, 1.40 | 1.13 | 0.90, 1.42 |
| Current | 1.19 | 0.97, 1.46 | 1.17 | 0.88, 1.56 |
| Alcohol Drinking Status | ||||
| Never | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Former | 1.21 | 0.94, 1.56 | 1.54 | 1.15, 2.06 |
| Current | 0.86 | 0.69, 1.08 | 1.17 | 0.86, 1.59 |
| History of CVD, Stroke, TIA | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 1.11 | 0.88, 1.41 | 1.01 | 0.76, 1.34 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 1.15 | 0.94, 1.41 | 1.29 | 1.02, 1.62 |
| Longest Held Job Categories | ||||
| Professional/Managerial | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Service Jobs | 1.01 | 0.79, 1.29 | 1.02 | 0.70, 1.47 |
| Production/Manufacturing/Labor | 0.85 | 0.67, 1.08 | 0.89 | 0.63, 1.27 |
| History of Noise Exposure1 | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 1.35 | 1.07, 1.70 | 1.27 | 0.99, 1.63 |
| Occupational Noise Exposure | ||||
| Never | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Former | 1.27 | 1.03, 1.57 | 1.38 | 1.07, 1.79 |
| Current | 1.27 | 1.00, 1.63 | 1.23 | 0.92, 1.65 |
1
Defined as use of firearms, military service or exposure to loud noises during leisure time.