. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med Rev. 2015 Jan 15;25:21–30. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.01.003

Table 3.

Longitudinal studies of objective sleep characteristics (n = 3)

First Author	Follow-up time / sample size	Country/ Recruitment	Prospective Design	Predictors / Covariates	Outcome	Independent Predictors of Prospective Sleep Outcome
Yaffe³⁸ (2007)	13/15 years, n=2474	United States/ population- based listing	Did not assess/exclude prevalent cases at baseline: only predicted prevalence at follow-up	Demographic: age, (study only included women), education; Psychosocial: cognitive performance (global cognitive function and Trail Making Test), clinically significant depressive symptoms; Physical: walking, self-reported health, smoking, stroke, sleep medication use	Actigraph sleep fragmentation and total sleep duration	Cognitive decliners (both global cognition and on the Trial Making Test) were more likely than non- decliners to experience worse sleep fragmentation but not duration; other associations not reported
Barrett- Connor ³⁹ (2008)	3.4 years, n=1312	United States/ population- based listing	Did not assess/exclude prevalent cases at baseline: only predicted prevalence at follow-up	Demographic: age, race, education, marital status; Physical: testosterone (T), chronic diseases, self-reported health, physical activity, smoking status, physical activity, BMI, medication use	Actigraph sleep fragmentation and total sleep duration; sleep architecture	men with lower T had lower sleep efficiency, increased nocturnal awakenings and less slow-wave sleep; lower T was not related to sleep duration