Table 4.
Summary of significant independent factors that have been consistently associated with sleep outcomes in the literature
| Association with: | ||
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Risk Factor | Self-reported sleep complaints/insomnia symptoms |
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) |
| Gender | Elevated odds for the sleep outcome were found for females in the majority of studies reporting: OR = 1.4425, 1.5827 (among African– Americans), 1.5823, 1.5931, 1.6728, 2.4419; for men OR=0.52 29; gender did not predict future complaints in 20, 21, 24. |
Béland et al. 32 found sleep problems more commonly in women than men positive association (73.4% vs. 26.6%); gender did not predict future PSQI scores in 33, 34, 36. |
| Depression | Elevated odds for the sleep outcome were found in 8/10 studies reporting (OR = 1.5426 - 9.1819 for current depression 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 35, OR = 1.07 per symptom increases28); negative findings were marginal: OR=2.30, 95% CI: 1.0- 5.20 20; OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.9-2.525. |
Elevated odds for the sleep outcome in 2/3 studies reporting 34, 35, with the other reporting a marginal association (OR=3.17, 95% CI: 0.95-10.59) 33. |
| Physical health | Elevated odds for the sleep outcome were found in 9/11 studies reporting: heart disease OR = 1.6826, 1.67 28, 2.58 (men only)29; stroke OR = 1.54 26 but not significant in 28; hip fracture was not related to sleep outcomes in 26, 28; 2+ physical disorders OR = 1.7 24 and 2.7723; chronic medical condition OR =2.60 25; below median on a physical health scale OR=4.3 21; perceived health was reciprocally (bi- directionally) related to sleep in 22; Not related to future sleep disturbances in 19 and 20. |
Self-reported health was related to future PSQI scores in 34, 35 but a comorbidity index was not in 36 |
Note: No studies for these risk factors were conducted using objective sleep measures