Table III.
Range of particle sizes, dissolved Ag concentrations, and biological impacts reported in the literature.
| Reference | Dissolution medium | Particle size (nm) | Dissolution time (h) | Nanoparticle concentration (μg/ml) | Dissolved Ag concentration (μg/ml) | Dissolved Ag (wt. %) | Conclusions on toxicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 | Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) 10% | 20 | 24 | 5 | 0.85 | 17 | Ag ion responsible for change in gene expression in a range of stress responses including oxidative stress, endoplasmic stress response, and apoptosis |
| 113 | 24 | 25 | 1.5 | 6 | |||
| 6 | RPMI 1640/FCS 10% | 30 | 48 | 33 | 3.6 | ∼11 | Toxicity not due to Ag ions characterized by reduction in cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase release |
| 32 | Perchlorate buffer w/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine pulmonary surfactant | 14 | 72 | 25 | >1.5 | 6 | No toxicity studies performed |
| 25 | L-15 w/alignic acid | 20 | 24 | 5 | 0.5 | 10 | Ag ions induced oxidative stress effects. Nanoplates more toxic compared to spheres due to high surface reactivity |
| Holtfereter w/alignic acid | 0.07 | 1.4 | |||||
| 33 | Hoagland | 20 | 24 | 0.6 | 0.066 | 11 | No toxicity studies performed |
| 34 | Bronchial Epithelial Cell Growth Medium | 20 | 24 | 12.5 | 0.53 | ∼4 | Cellular toxicity and oxidative stress due to Ag ions |
| 110 | 0.31 | ∼2.50 | |||||
| 35 | KNO3 w/bovine serum albumin | 30 | 24 | 5 | 0.5 | 10 | Hemolytic toxicity caused by Ag complexes like AgCl rather than free Ag ions |
| 36 | Not reported | ∼20 | 24 | 25 | 1.44 | 5.76 | No hepatoxicity or immunotoxicity in rats by biochemical markers and antibody levels in blood, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine release, and natural killer-cell activity |
| 37 | DMEM | 10 | 24 | 10 | 2.36 | 23.6 | Cell viability evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase assay and attributed to intracellular drug release |