Table 2. Within-supplement group analysis of serum macular carotenoids by intervention groups.
| Intervention | N | Baseline, mean±SD | 36 Months, mean±SD | %Δ | Sig. | Baseline, mean±SD | 12 Months, mean±SD | %Δ | Sig. | 12 Months, mean±SD | 24 Months, mean±SD | %Δ | Sig. | 24 Months, mean±SD | 36 Months, mean±SD | % Δ | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lutein | |||||||||||||||||
| Group 1 | 14 | 0.39±0.31 | 0.81±0.44 | 108 | 0.006 | 0.39±0.31 | 0.81±0.58 | 108 | 0.014 | 0.81±0.58 | 0.90±0.57 | 11 | 0.616 | 0.90±0.57 | 0.81±0.44 | −10 | 0.412 |
| Group 2 | 15 | 0.24±0.11 | 1.14±0.83 | 375 | 0.001 | 0.24±0.11 | 1.11±0.67 | 363 | 0.000 | 1.11±0.67 | 0.85±1.05 | −23 | 0.336 | 0.85±1.05 | 1.14±0.83 | 34 | 0.250 |
| Group 3 | 13 | 0.20±0.08 | 0.36±0.13 | 80 | 0.001 | 0.20±0.08 | 0.31±0.17 | 55 | 0.021 | 0.31±0.17 | 0.39±0.36 | 26 | 0.367 | 0.39±0.36 | 0.36±0.13 | −8 | 0.694 |
| Zeaxanthin | |||||||||||||||||
| Group 1 | 14 | 0.09±0.09 | 0.13±0.06 | 44 | 0.124 | 0.09±0.09 | 0.12±0.09 | 33 | 0.314 | 0.12±0.09 | 0.15±0.09 | 25 | 0.251 | 0.15±0.09 | 0.13±0.06 | −13 | 0.202 |
| Group 2 | 15 | 0.04±0.03 | 0.16±0.12 | 300 | 0.001 | 0.04±0.03 | 0.22±0.24 | 450 | 0.012 | 0.22±0.24 | 0.13±0.14 | −41 | 0.221 | 0.13±0.14 | 0.16±0.12 | 23 | 0.298 |
| Group 3 | 13 | 0.06±0.05 | 0.11±0.04 | 83 | 0.005 | 0.06±0.05 | 0.09±0.06 | 50 | 0.031 | 0.09±0.06 | 0.10±0.07 | 11 | 0.653 | 0.10±0.07 | 0.11±0.04 | 10 | 0.799 |
| Meso-zeaxanthin | |||||||||||||||||
| Group 1 | 14 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.02±0.02 | 0.010 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.008 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.01±0.02 | 0 | 0.393 | 0.01±0.02 | 0.02±0.02 | 100 | 0.371 | ||
| Group 2 | 15 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.11±0.11 | 0.001 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.22±0.27 | 0.007 | 0.22±0.27 | 0.09±0.11 | −59 | 0.083 | 0.09±0.11 | 0.11±0.11 | 22 | 0.314 | ||
| Group 3 | 13 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.14±0.10 | 0.000 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.16±0.11 | 0.000 | 0.16±0.11 | 0.15±0.11 | −6 | 0.911 | 0.15±0.11 | 0.14±0.10 | −7 | 0.743 | ||
Abbreviations: N, number of subjects; SD, standard deviation; Sig., significance; %Δ, percentage change.
Serum Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin were analysed by HPLC and expressed as μmol/L. Statistical significance tested using paired t-test. Level of significance set at P<0.05. The calculated percentage change from baseline to 36 months, calculated as the 36-month value minus baseline value divided by baseline value, multiplied by 100 (−, negative change; +, positive change); the calculated percentage change from baseline to 12 months, calculated as the 12-month value minus baseline value divided by baseline value, multiplied by 100 (−, negative change; +, positive change); the calculated percentage change from 12 to 24 months, calculated as the 24-month value minus the 12-month value divided by the 12-month value, multiplied by 100 (−, negative change; +, positive change); the calculated percentage change from 24 to 36 months, calculated as the 36-month value minus the 24-month value divided by the 24-month value, multiplied by 100 (−, negative change; +, positive change).
Group 1, 20 mg lutein and 0.86 mg zeaxanthin; Group 2, 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin, 10 mg lutein, and 2 mg zeaxanthin; Group 3, 17 mg meso-zeaxanthin, 3 mg lutein, and 2 mg zeaxanthin.